Background: Aplastic anemia although a rare hematological disorder but it is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. It is a matter of greater public health concern for the Asian population with prevalence 3 times greater than other part of the globe. Exposures of specific drugs, chemicals and others have been connected with an AA etiology. We aimed to examine the association of antimicrobial drugs exposures with AA. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in Karachi, Pakistan, selecting the patients with two blood lineages depressed on bone marrow biopsy as the cases while patients without any hematological disorder as controls. For each case four age-sex matched control were enrolled. Information associated to socio-demographics and exposure to antibiotics was collected on a questionnaire during personal interview. Results: We identified 191 cases with an age range of 1-66 years and 696 controls. Predominant participants were male (67%), female being 33%. Antimicrobial drugs were used by 49.74% of aplastic anemia cases whereas the use was reported in 29.31% controls. Beta-lactam antibiotics, chloramphenicol, macrolides, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and others were the drug categories evaluated. Conclusion: Antimicrobials were reported to be used more frequently in aplastic anemia cases as compared to their normal controls

Objectives: To assess the outcome of vitamin D as adjunctive therapy in reducing the serum level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in type 2 diabetic patients taking anti-diabetic drug metformin. Study Design: An Observational study. Setting: This study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro in collaboration with Sindh Institute of Endocrinology & Diabetes (SIED) Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. Period: December 2017 to May 2018. Material and Methods: We carried out this study on 140 patients. Diagnosed patients of type 2 DM With duration more than 5 years, age between 35 to 60 years, HbA1c equal to or more than 6.0%, and diabetic patients which were on metformin and had vitamin D deficiency (level less than 30ng/ml) were included in the study. Results: Total 140 type 2 diabetic patients were taken in study. At baseline, in Group B, mean HbA1c ± SD was 7.92±1.54 while at 3 months intervention, in Group B, mean HbA1c ± SD was 7.18±1.53. No significant difference in HbA1c between Group A and B at baseline and after three months of intervention (P value = 0.46). The mean value of vitamin D before supplementation was 16.23±3.45 vs 28.96±5.25 after 3 months supplementation. There was a significant increase in 25 (OH) D levels after vitamin D supplementation after 3 months. (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Supplementation of vitamin D did not show any effect on blood sugar control in our patients with type 2 DM.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the alarming health hazardous indicator and with poor glycemic control, it will be dangerous for human health because it is more prone to development of different systemic & vascular complications. G6PD is one of the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme which prevent from oxidative stress and development of free radicals. Objective: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the level of G6PD in patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus with their different levels of glycemic control index. Methodology: This study was done at Department of Biochemistry LUMHS in collaboration with Diabetic clinic LUMHS and Diagnostic & Research Laboratory LUMHS Jamshoro. Total 100 diagnosed cases of type-2 diabetes were selected and divided into three groups with different categories of glycemic control index. The HbA1c% was measured by Bio Red Variant while G6PD was measured by standard G6PD quantitative measurement method at Diagnostic laboratory LUMHS using assay kit (SD Biosensor, Inc. Republic of Korea). Results: The G6PD significantly (p < 0.05) decline in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control having mean values of HbA1c% between 11-13%. Conclusion: This research study concluded that there is significant decline in G6PD in patients of diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control. Estimation G6PD also can use as screening test in diabetic population to determine their genetic involvement. Keywords: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c%, G6PD

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the alarming health hazardous indicator and with poor glycemic control it will be dangerous for human health because more prone to development of different systemic & vascular complications. G6PD is one of the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme which prevent from oxidative stress and development of free radicals. Objective: The purpose of this research to evaluate the level of G6PD in patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus with their different levels of glycemic control index. Methodology: This study was done at Department of Biochemistry LUMHS with collaboration of Diabetic clinic LUMHS and Diagnostic & Research Laboratory LUMHS Jamshoro. Total 100 diagnosed cases of type-2 diabetes were selected and divided into three groups with different categories of glycemic control index. The HbA1c% was measured by Bio Red Variant while G6PD was measured by standard G6PD quantitative measurement method at Diagnostic laboratory LUMHS using assay kit (SD Biosensor, Inc. Republic of Korea). Results: The G6PD significantly (p < 0.05) decline in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control having mean values of HbA1c% between 11-13%. Conclusion: This research study concluded that there is significant decline in G6PD in patients of diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control. Estimation G6PD also can use as screening test in diabetic population to determine their genetic involvement. Keywords: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c%, G6PD

Objective: To assess the anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect of tramadol as compared to imipramine (approved antidepressant) in acute and chronic doses in rats.Methodology: This observational experimental animal study was carried out from December 2020 to February 2021 at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro in collaboration with Agricultural University, Tandojam. Forty- eight healthy male rats housed at Animal House Sindh, Agricultural University, Tandojam after due approval from institutional ethical review board. The 48 rats were categorized into 3 equal groups of 16 each: Group A for Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) 15ml/kg, Group B for Imipramine 15 mg/kg and Group C for Tramadol 15 mg/kg. Each group was further subdivided into two groups namely acute A1, B1, C1 and chronic A2, B2, C2 and evaluated for anti-depressant and anxiety activity using forced swim test and elevated plus maze test. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS. 22.0.Results: Tramadol acted to significantly reduce the mean duration of immobility as compared to the control (P<0.001). Resolution of immobility due to tramadol was insignificant when compared to imipramine. Likewise, the swimming periods in the tramadol and imipramine groups were significantly longer than the control group (<0.001), but almost equal in both tramadol and imipramine groups, showcasing that tramadol has antidepressant activity at par with imipramine (p value >0.05).Conclusion: Tramadol exhibits significant acute and chronic antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in rats when compared to imipramine and controls.