Objective: To study the effect of estrogen on lungs of adult male mice by assessing and comparing the following histological parameters including bronchiolar smooth muscle size and peri-bronchial lymphocytic Infiltration. Study Design: Randomized control trial Place and Duration of Study: National institute of Health sciences, Islamabad from 1st October 2018 to 31st July 2019. Methodology: Ninety BALB/c mice divided into 2 groups (n=30 per group) were enrolled. The control (male) group received only distilled water, while the interventional groups received pills (estradiol valerate) mixed in distal water according to body weight of the mice for (60) day. Results: 10% of the total mice had nil, 60% had mild, 30% of the total showed moderate while no severe peri-bronchiolar lymphocytic infiltration in response to estrogen. The results also showed that estrogen produced marked hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle cells. Conclusion: Estrogen is the sexual hormones which modulate inflammatory processes in the lungs producing pulmonary inflammatory responses leading to asthma and causes hyperplasia of the bronchiolar smooth muscles. Keywords: Estrogen, Asthma, Bronchiolar smooth muscle, Peri-bronchial lymphocytic infiltration, BALB/c mice

Background: Obesity is a dilemma nowadays for increasing percentage of people worldwide. Obesity induced oxidative stress due to increased tissue lipid levels, threatened redox state of cell and increased free radical formation leads to tissue oxidative stress. Fatty liver disease is a very common disorder related with obesity resulting in storage of fat goblets in the liver tissues leading to altered redox state called oxidative stress. Aim: To relate the outcome of Stevia and Rebaudioside A on Oxidative stress (MDA, SOD) in Obese Sprague Dawley Rats. Place and duration of study: Physiology Department of Islamabad Medical and Dental College, Islamabad, in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH) from 1st January 2020 to 30th June 2022. Methodology: One hundred and twenty healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were included. The animals were divided randomly into four groups of 30 rats each by simple randomization technique. Group 1 was given normal diet while the other three groups were given high fat diet. Stevia leaves and Rebaudioside A (rebiana) were further added for six weeks in the diet of Group 3 and 4 respectively. All animals were sacrificed at the end of study. Results: High fat diet induced oxidative stress in obese group was restored to approximate normal values of SOD (0.001) and MDA (0.001) by treatment with stevia and rebiana both (0.899). Conclusion: Stevia and Rebiana both cause improvement of oxidative stress unrewarding of expensive extraction procedures. Keywords: Stevia rebaudiana, Rebaudioside A, Sprague Dawley rats, Oxidative stress, NAFLD

Objective: To carryout frequency domain analysis ofheart rate variability in patients with coronary arterydisease. Methods: Forty coronary artery disease patients with coronary artery stenosis greater than 70% of at least onevessel lumen were included. Patients with diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, structural heart diseases andbundle branch block were excluded. DMS 300 4A Holter monitors were used to obtain long-term 12 leaddigital ECG recordings. Cardio Scan premium luxury software was used for analysis of heart rate variability. Results: The mean values of heart rate variability in patients were TP (2171.70 ± 1028.7), VLF (1661.41 ±807.88), LF (392.71 ± 227.92), HF (112.03 ± 77.90) and LF/HF ratio (4.03 ± 1.75). On comparison with normalreference values there was a significant decrease (p-value < 0.05) in all parameters except VLF (p-value =0.351). TP was reduced in all the patients (100%), VLF in 26 (65%), LF in 36 (90%), HF in 36 (90%) and LF/HFratio in 29 (72.5%) patients. The difference between the frequency of patients with decreased heart ratevariability was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) except VLF (p-value = 0.082). Conclusion: Heart rate variability decreases significantly in patients with coronary artery disease.

Objective: To compare effect of reperfusion by measuring time domain parameters of heart rate variability before and after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Study design: Quasi experimental study design Place and Duration: Department of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology/National Institute of Heart Diseases (AFIC/NIHD), Rawalpindi from January 2014 till January 2015. Patients and Methods: 40 patients with coronary artery disease having mean age of 55.20 ± 8.03 years were recruited by non-probability convenience sampling. DMS 300-4A Holter monitors were used to obtain 24 hours ambulatory ECG recording before and within 24 hours after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Digital ECG data were transferred to the computer and edited with the help of DMS Cardioscan software. Heart rate variability was analysed in time domains measures. For time domain analysis normal heart rate, SDNN, SDNNi, SDANN, RMSSD and pNN50 were recorded from 12 lead digital ECG data. Results: The results of our study demonstrated significantly decreased heart rate variability in coronary artery disease patients on comparison of pre and post-angioplasty values only SDNNi was significantly reduced (p-value = 0.035) whereas the reduction in SDNN and pNN50 was statistically insignificant (p-value > 0.05). On the contrary, SDANN and RMSSD displayed slight rise after angioplasty but it was not significant (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: Reperfusion after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty decreases heart rate variability within 24 hours after the procedure. Whereas, heart rate during the same period after angioplasty increases. This reflects autonomic balance shifts towards sympathetic predominance as indicated by reduced heart rate variability and rise in heart rate. This makes the susceptible patients vulnerable for development of ventricular arrhythmias especially during 24 hours after angioplasty. Therefore, patients with decreased heart rate variability are at risk of ventricular arrhythmogenesis so they may be kept under medical surveillance for at least 24 hours after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.