Background This study was conducted to check anxiety level and mental stress in the 200 confirmed hepatitis C patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Chinese version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) score index was used to measure the anxiety level of HCV-positive patients. BAI score index of different demographic factors such as gender, age, occupation, and education of all the sampled population was calculated. Results The highest BAI score was recorded in people in the age group of 25–45 years (54.5%). Respondents from public sector employees, own businesses, and postgraduates were highly anxious. A significant difference in BAI score was also recorded between male and female respondents as 33.77% of females were at a severe level of anxiety compared to 17.07% of males. Furthermore, quarantined hepatitis C patients had a significantly higher BAI score (39.5) as compared to non-quarantined patients (27.12), and respondents with HCV infection also had a high BAI score of 37.25 compared to healthy individuals (4.1). Most of the respondents were willing to adopt protective measures against COVID-19. Conclusion This study concluded that people with infectious diseases like hepatitis C had high anxiety levels and mental stress in the COVID-19 pandemic and needed psychological aids for better mental health to handle pandemic conditions.

Aim: This is a review article, which focused upon Pakistan’s pharmaceutical industry. This industry has fallen into the trap of our country’s buckwheat. Basically, it’s the main concern of pharmaceutical industries of Pakistan, one of the present standing position or top most sold products. Method: This is a comparison between industry from start to form or global level. It has been a detailed review of Pakistan’s import and export products over the years. This article gives an overview on APIs, how they are synthesized and major exporters of APIs. Drugs formulations are also discussed in it. Formulation of drugs are solid, liquid and semi solid. Moreover, it also focused at the limitations and strengths of the factors that are important in determining the strength. Results: The pharmaceutical business has a strong capacity for innovation, and governments should conduct studies and encourage discussion on how to improve this capacity without endangering public health. Practical implication: The strength of each pharmaceutical industry based upon quality goods, providing values, services excellence.There are concerns about the current rules in Pakistan for evaluating the quality of pharmaceuticals raw materials (APIs).The pharmaceutical industry strengths could include low operating overhead, firm fiscal management, low staff turnover, high return on investment (ROI), state-of-the-art laboratory equipment and an experienced research staff. Conclusion: The medical system in a country is crucially dependent on the pharmaceutical sector. This study's goal was to shed light on Pakistan's entire pharmaceutical sector, including startups, imports, exports, and detail of APIs. The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan is still in its early stages, but it has managed to establish a small presence in Asia-Pacific market. Keywords: Brands, Ointment, ROI, spurious drugs and PIDB

No abstract

The present study investigates and compares the effectiveness of online and traditional ESL teaching with the perspective of teachers and the challenges they face in both scenarios. The population of the study is Pakistani ESL teachers, whereas the sample of the study was comprised of twenty ESL teachers teaching at the undergraduate level. Questionnaires and interviews were used as the research tools of the study. Questionnaires were analyzed descriptively, and interviews were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that teachers were not contented with online teaching and were more satisfied with the traditional ways of face-to-face teaching.

The aim of the study was to make a comparison between the teaching methodologies employed by English language teachers at public and private sector schools at primary level. Foreign language teaching methodologies has become a much-discussed phenomena and has been given immense importance from the last few decades, however, it still needs development in teaching practices. The data for the present study were collected in the form of semi-structured interviews, which were related to the objectives and research questions. The target population of the study was primary level teachers of Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan), while the sample of the study was comprised of primary level teachers of a public and private sector school in Lahore. The results of the study indicated that the teachers of the public sector schools were mostly relying on the structural methods of language teaching, whereas the teachers of the private sector schools were using blended methods.