For developing countries with budgetary and balance-of-payments gaps to meet, maintaining large stakes of external debt is not free of cost. Highly indebted countries have to set aside a sizeable fraction of their scarce resources to service their debt, which naturally affects their development spending in general and allocations for the social sector in particular. This study examines the behavior of seven developing Asian countries and analyzes the impact of public external debt on social sector spending. The panel dataset includes Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the Philippines, and Indonesia, and spans the period 1980–2010. Our empirical analysis is based on three interrelated equations for different spending categories, which are estimated using the general method of moments. The study’s results confirm the common wisdom that outstanding external debt and its servicing liability have an adverse impact on public spending, particularly on social sector spending. This suggests that developing countries need to mobilize their own resources and minimize their dependence on external borrowing as far as possible.

Abstract:In this world, just those countries have survived and contended with challenges which have a quality and sound training framework. The nature of training relies upon use of labor and inspiration level of organization and educators. The education system throughout the world has been changed by the passage of time. Unfortunately, Pakistan government not gives proper attention to the education sector. After the creation of fifty-four years of Pakistan the decentralization education system introduced by the military government and some power has been devolved to at local level. This study conducted in district Lodhran (Punjab). The qualitative study method and convenient sampling technique was used to get the data. The present study main aim to know how decentralization education system affects the teacher and school performance and what role of the politician is negative or positive. Finally, in conclusion putting some suggestions that how to make the performance of teachers fruitful for education system and how local representatives play their positive role to provide the standard education to people.

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Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the perceived attractiveness of the face by change in chin position between orthodontic patients and the general public and determine their desire for surgery to correct it. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study Setting: Orthodontic OPD, Period: March 2021- July 2021 Material & Methods: An ideal facial outline was created with a computer software. 150 participants, divided into two groups (pre-treatment orthodontic patients and lay person) were part of the research. Each participant was given a survey and asked to fill it out and rank images on a summative scale Results: Results showed that the aesthetic judgement of both observer groups was the same for most images; The rating was decided by the amount of shift in the chin position, with the scoring being higher when the chin was more forward than when it was backward. Keywords: attractiveness, chin position, esthetics, facial profile, orthodontics

Circumcision is the commonest surgical procedure carried out on children. After evaluation of currently available studies and clinical trials the health benefits of newborn male circumcision outweigh the risks. Objectives: To determine the frequency of urinary tract infection (UTI) in uncircumcised infants presenting in the pediatric floor of Faisalabad Medical University. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Pediatric Ward, Emergency and OPD, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: July 2017 Dec 2017. Material & Methods: After Ethical Review, all male uncircumcised subjects were included with consent from the patients. Data regarding the disease, presenting complaints was collected after complete examination of the child. Age, weight, temperature, history of previous UTI, dysuria, and colour and urine was noted. Urine sample was collected in a sterile container with the help of the parents and sent to the lab for complete examination and culture. Relevant baseline investigation was also sent to the laboratory for examination. Results of the urine complete examination and urine culture were also noted. Results: In this trial, mean age was calculated as 6.81+2.44 months, mean temperature and weight of the infants was recorded as 99.26+1.06F and 7.06+1.85kgs respectively. Frequency of history of dysuria was recorded in 30% (n=30), frequency of previous history of UTI was recorded in 13% (n=13), frequency of UTI was recorded in 25% (n=25). Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of urinary tract infection (UTI) is higher in uncircumcised infants; however, timely circumcision may reduce the risk of UTI. The current data is primary in our population which needs authentication through some other trials.