Due to our experience, utilizing PCNL with adult-sized instruments in management of urolithiasis in less than 3 years old children appeared to be effective and relatively safe.

Inability to conceive is one of the health concerns. Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein5 (CHD5) gene is a major regulator in the replacement of histone proteins with protamines, the chromatin remodelling in spermatogenesis process. Thus, functional SNPs in this gene can disrupt sperm development. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CHD5 polymorphism (rs9434741) and male infertility. This case-control study was conducted on 103 infertile and 121 fertile men. CHD5 polymorphism rs9434741 was tested using T-ARMS-PCR to investigate its association with male infertility. The presence of G allele caused 1.52 fold increase (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.09-2.31 and p = 0.019) in infertility susceptibility in the patient group. GG genotype and (AG+GG) were significantly related to the increased risk of infertility (OR = 3.13, 95% CI = 1.26-7.76, p = 0.013; OR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.35-5.47), respectively. Significant differences were observed between genotypes in NOA and SO groups compared to the control group (p = 0.029). Sperm count and total motility were significantly different among three genotypes in infertile men and the control group (p < 0.001). Analysis of genotypes and alleles frequency indicated statistically significant differences between the patient and control groups (p < 0.05). This study showed that CHD5 polymorphism (rs9434741) could be associated with the risk of male infertility. It is recommended to conduct further studies on different populations.

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Background: Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after one year of having regular unprotected sex. Changes in the expressions of miRNAs are associated with impaired spermatogenesis and can be used as potential biomarkers of infertility in males. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-211 as a predictive factor in plasma samples of intertile men compared to the controls Methods: In this case-control study, blood plasma samples were taken from the infertile men (n=103) non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) or severe oligozoospermia (SO) and the control group (n=121). The expression of circulating miR-211 in plasma samples were assessed by qRT-PCR. A relative quantification strategy was adopted using the2–ΔΔCT method to calculate the target miR-211 expression level in both study groups.Results: Plasma miR-211 levels were significantly lower in infertile men compared to the control (0.544±0.028 and 1.203±0.035, respectively, p<0.001). Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that miR-211 expression level correlated with sperm parameters, including sperm concentration, sperm total motility, progressive motility, and normal morphology (P<0.001).Conclusions: It seems that decreased expression level of miR-211 in blood plasma can be used as a novel male infertility biomarker for evaluation, diagnosis, and confirmation of semen analysis results.