Background:The practice environment pivotal role in patients and nurses better outcomes is evident. Practice Environment Scale of Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) is widely utilized to assess nursing work environments. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of PES-NWI.Materials and Methods:The instrument was translated and its psychometrics were investigated by content, construct validity (factor analysis), and homogeneity (internal consistency and intraclass correlation) on a sample of 350 nurses at educational hospitals in East Azerbaijan, Iran.Results:The 30 items loaded onto 4 factors explained 34.95–50.06% of the variance. The items across the factors differed slightly from those reported by the original author of the PES-NWI. Cronbach's alpha and Pearson coefficient for the entire instrument and also for extracted factors was 0.70–0.96.Conclusions:The Persian version of PES-NWI has an appropriate level of validity and reliability in the Iranian setting for nurses. The subscale of Nursing Foundations for quality care needs modification.

Infectious diseases have threatened human health throughout the history. One way of transmission of such diseases is exposing to the needle sticks. The present study was carried out aiming to introduce and investigate risk factors related to needle sticks and ways of prevention of infectious diseases related to needle stick among health care staff.Searching key words including needle sticks, occupational injuries, occupational exposures (OEs) and infectious diseases, the researchers undertook a comprehensive investigation regardless of publication year of the reviewed articles in references including, Medline, CINAHL, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Then the collected articles were scrutinized and processed.Dealing with needle sticks can transmit more than 20 types of pathogens including Hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among health care staff, nurses are more vulnerable compared to others.Exposure to blood and other risky body liquids is a serious risk factor among health care workers. Training medical staff, establishing reporting systems, changing high risk behaviors and vaccination can play an important role in prevention of the infectious diseases.Citation: Elmi S, Babaie J, Malek M, Motazedi Z, Shahsavari-Nia K. Occupational exposures to needle stick injuries among health care staff; a review study.

‫زادٌ‬ ‫زمبن‬ ‫يحید‬ 2 ‫علمی‬ ‫صفب‬ 3 * ‫زادٌ‬ ‫داداش‬ ‫عببس‬ 4 ‫چکیده‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫زمیىه‬ ‫اختوبػی‬ : ‫حزفِ‬ ‫ضسى‬ ‫ارسش‬ ‫فزز‬ ‫آى‬ ‫زر‬ ‫وِ‬ ‫است‬ ‫فزآیٌسی‬ ‫ای‬ ‫هْبرت‬ ٍ ‫رفتبرّب‬ ‫ٌّدبرّب،‬ ‫ّب،‬ ‫حس‬ ٍ ‫ًوَزُ‬ ‫وست‬ ‫را‬ ‫هٌبست‬ ‫اختوبػی‬ ‫ّبی‬ ‫هی‬ ‫زرًٍی‬ ‫را‬ ‫رضتِ‬ ‫یه‬ ‫ثِ‬ ‫ًسجت‬ ‫تؼْس‬ ٍ ‫َّیت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫فزایٌس‬ ‫ایي‬ ‫سبسز.‬ ِ ‫غیز‬ ٍ ‫رسوی‬ ‫غَرت‬ ‫زاًطىسُ‬ ‫زر‬ ‫رسوی‬ ‫هی‬ ‫غَرت‬ ‫تحػیل‬ ‫عَل‬ ‫زر‬ ‫ّب‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ ‫گیزز‬ ٍ ‫پزستبری‬ ‫آهَسش‬ ‫اتوبم‬ ‫هی‬ ‫ازاهِ‬ ‫وبری‬ ‫هحیظ‬ ‫ثِ‬ ‫ٍرٍز‬ ٍ ‫هسرسبى‬ ‫ًمص‬ ‫ذػَظ‬ ‫زر‬ ‫پزستبری‬ ‫زاًطدَیبى‬ ‫زرن‬ ‫ثزرسی‬ ‫ّسف‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫حبضز‬ ‫هغبلؼِ‬ ‫یبثس.‬ ‫اختوبػی‬ ‫زر‬ ‫هَسسِ‬ ‫حزفِ‬ ‫ضسى‬ AbstractBackground & Aim: Professional socialization is a process in which a person acquires the values, norms, behaviors, and social skills, and internalizes the sense of identity and commitment to a discipline. This process takes place officially and unofficially at faculties during the study period and continues toward the completion of nursing education and entering the work environment. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate nursing students' perceptions on the role of instructors and institute in their professional socialization. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all nursing students (n=175) were studied at the end of the 2, 4, 6, and 8 semesters in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2017. A questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics, instructors characteristics, and institute characteristics. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (V. 13) and descriptiveinferential statistics. Results: The results showed that in the professional socialization of nursing students, the role of instructors was moderate to high and the role of the institute was moderate to low. Among the characteristics of the instructors, the personality traits and educational behaviors had a higher mean score. In this study, compassion, professional communication, preparation of the students for professional responsibilities, and the making a connection between the subjects and nursing values were reported as significant features of instructors in socialization. Students' perceptions on personality traits (P = 0.023), the nature of the relationship (P =0.002 and educational behaviors (P =0.014) differed significantly in different semesters. The institute did not play a significant role in the professional socialization of students so that only 19 individuals (13.1%) were satisfied with socialization. Conclusion: In this study, students' perceptions of the role of instructors and institutes were varied in different semesters, and it was found that instructors, in comparison to the institution, played a better role in the professional socialization of nursing students. It is recommended that the role of the institution should be improved in the process of professional socialization of nursing students.