This review was focused on global data analysis and risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 from different countries, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Central Eastern Europe, Egypt, India, Iran, Pakistan, and South Asia, Africa, Turkey and UAE. Male showed higher confirmed and death cases compared to females in most of the countries. In addition, the case fatality ratio (CFR) for males was higher than for females. This gender variation in COVID-19 cases may be due to males' cultural activities, but similar variations in the number of COVID-19 affected males and females globally. Variations in the immune system can illustrate this divergent risk comparatively higher in males than females. The female immune system may have an edge to detect pathogens slightly earlier. In addition, women show comparatively higher innate and adaptive immune responses than men, which might be explained by the high density of immune-related genes in the X chromosome. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 viruses use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the host cell, and men contain higher ACE2 than females. Therefore, males may be more vulnerable to COVID-19 than females. In addition, smoking habit also makes men susceptible to COVID-19. Considering the age-wise distribution, children and older adults were less infected than other age groups and the death rate. On the contrary, more death in the older group may be associated with less immune system function. In addition, most of these group have comorbidities like diabetes, high pressure, low lungs and kidney function, and other chronic diseases. Due to the substantial economic losses and the numerous infected people and deaths, research examining the features of the COVID-19 epidemic is essential to gain insight into mitigating its impact in the future and preparedness for any future epidemics.

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using low energy diet with multienzymes supplementation on different biological parameters in broilers.Methods: Three hundred Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups [Cont (Standard ME), L-ME (ME reduced by 50 kcal/kg without enzyme) and L-ME-MES (L-ME diet was supplemented with multi-enzymes)] with five replicates per group (20 chicks per replicate) at the start of second week. Grower and finisher diets were formulated according to breed specific guide and offered with free access in respective phase (two weeks for grower (8-21d); two weeks for finisher (22-35d)). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. After feeding trial, fifteen birds (one birds per replicate) were selected randomly and slaughtered for samples collection. Results:The results exhibited no effect (P>0.05) of dietary treatments on all parameters of growth performance, carcass traits, relative weight of internal organs except bursa and overall parameters of thigh meat quality. Relative weight of bursa was significantly (P<0.05) higher in L-ME than Control. Multi-enzymes supplementation in low-ME diet significantly (P<0.05) improved the breast meat pH 24h, digestibility of crude protein, duodenum weight and length, jejunal morphology, counts of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., lipase and protease activities than Control. Jejunum length was increased in both L-ME and L-ME-MES treatments than that of the control (P<0.05). Breast meat cooking loss and color lightness was lower in L-ME (P<0.05) than control. A c c e p t e dA r t i c l e 3 Conclusion: It can therefore be concluded that broilers could be reared on low energy diet with supplementation of multi-enzymes without compromising the growth performance. In addition, it is beneficial for other biological parameters of broilers.

T he Sahiwal breed of cattle is native breed of Pakistan. Sahiwal breed is reputed to be known for its high tolerance against harsh climate, tropical disease resistance and having high production potential in least resource availability, making it one of the best cattle breeds of tropical regions (Ilatsia et al., 2011). Originating from Pakistan, the breed has now spread to almost 29 other countries including 12 African countries (McSweeney and Mackie, 2012). The breed is also a part of many breeding plans to develop new breeds where tropical climate dominates e.g. Australian Friesian Sahiwal in Australia. Therefore, there has been ever increasing demand for the semen of Sahi-wal cattle in Pakistan in general and globally in particular (Singh et al., 2015). Health and management of donor bulls is empirical for production of semen having good quality and quantity. Quality of semen is a function of various factors and season is most important among those. Season affects the reproductive performance of bulls through its major meteorological components like temperature, humidity, daylength and rainfall (Bhakat et al., 2009). A recent study conducted on Friesian bulls in Libya (Alragubi, 2015) indicated that higher atmospheric temperature in summer season adversely affect different biological and physical characteristics of semen.

Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, a primary factor of the innate immune system of mammals, participates in natural immune protection against invading bacteria. BPIFA1 actively contributes to host defense via multiple mechanisms, such as antibacterial, surfactant, airway surface liquid control, and immunomodulatory activities. However, the evolutionary history and selection forces on the BPIFA1 gene in mammals during adaptive evolution are poorly understood. This study examined the BPIFA1 gene of humans compared with that of other mammalian species to estimate the selective pressure derived by adaptive evolution. To assess whether or not positive selection occurred, we employed several different possibility tests (M1 vs. M2 and M7 vs. M8). The proportions of positively selected sites were significant, with a likelihood log value of 93.63 for the BPIFA1 protein. The Selecton server was used on the same dataset to reconfirm positive selection for specific sites by employing the Mechanistic-Empirical Combination model, thus providing additional evidence supporting the findings of positive selection. There was convincing evidence for positive selection signals in the BPIFA1 genes of mammalian species, which was more significant for selection signs and creating signals. We performed probability tests comparing various models based on dN/dS ratios to recognize specific codons under positive selection pressure. We identified positively selected sites in the LBP-BPI domain of BPIFA1 proteins in the mammalian genome, including a lipid-binding domain with a very high degree of selectivity for DPPC. BPIFA1 activates the upper airway’s innate immune system in response to numerous genetic signals in the mammalian genome. These findings highlight evolutionary advancements in immunoregulatory effects that play a significant role in the antibacterial and antiviral defenses of mammalian species.