Comparative analyses suggest that information transfer promoted sociality in male bats in the temperate zone Comparative analyses suggest that information transfer promoted sociality in male bats in the temperate zone AbstractThe evolution of sociality is a central theme in evolutionary biology. The vast majority of bats are social, which has been explained in terms of the benefits of communal breeding. However, the causes for segregated male groups remain unknown. In a comparative study, we tested whether diet and morphological adaptations to specific foraging styles, two factors known to influence the occurrence of information transfer, can predict male sociality. Our results suggest that the species most likely to benefit frominformation transfer -namely, those preying on ephemeral insects and with morphological adaptations to feeding in open habitat -are more likely to form male groups. Our findings also indicate that solitary life was the ancestral state of males and sociality evolved in several lineages. Beyond their significance for explaining the existence of male groups in bats, our findings highlight the importance of information transfer in the evolution of animal sociality. Online enhancements: appendix, data file.abstract: The evolution of sociality is a central theme in evolutionary biology. The vast majority of bats are social, which has been explained in terms of the benefits of communal breeding. However, the causes for segregated male groups remain unknown. In a comparative study, we tested whether diet and morphological adaptations to specific foraging styles, two factors known to influence the occurrence of information transfer, can predict male sociality. Our results suggest that the species most likely to benefit from information transfer-namely, those preying on ephemeral insects and with morphological adaptations to feeding in open habitat-are more likely to form male groups. Our findings also indicate that solitary life was the ancestral state of males and sociality evolved in several lineages. Beyond their significance for explaining the existence of male groups in bats, our findings highlight the importance of information transfer in the evolution of animal sociality.

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Background of this research is the rapid growth Bangkalan of the post-operational Suramadu bridge which have significant impact on increasing local income. Increased of local revenues must be increase the welfare of society, therefore development sourced from the budget should be oriented in various aspects leading to the nation's independence. Unfortunately, society is still not maximal to use of channels of participation in budgeting. This study uses legal research empirical or socio-legal research, interview and observation is used to obtain primary data in the form of public participation in the budgeting process in Bangkalan. The result of this research is interpretation about Bangkalan development is only on physical form, the Bangkalan society is not maximized in using the existing channels as participation in the preparation and budget planning. Keywords: Participatory Budgeting, Regulatory Model Policy, Society, Budgets Abstrak Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi berkembang pesatnya Bangkalan pasca operasionalisasi Jembatan Suramadu yang tentunya juga membawa dampak signifikan terhadap meningkatnya pendapatan daerahnya. Meningkatnya pendapatan daerah sudah seharusnya meningkatkan pula kesejahteraan masyarakatnya, oleh karena itu pembangunan yang bersumber dari APBD harus berorientasi dalam berbagai aspek menuju pada kemandirian bangsa. Sayangnya masyarakat masih belum maksimal menggunakan saluran partisipasi penganggaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris atau yang biasa di sebut sebagai sosio legal research, wawancara mendalam serta observasi digunakan untuk mendapatkan data primer berupa partisipasi masyarakat terhadap proses penganggaran di Kabupaten Bangkalan. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil bahwasanya masyarakat di Bangkalan masih memaknai pembangunan hanya dalam bentuk fisik, masyarakat belum maksimal dalam menggunakan saluran yang ada sebagai bentuk partisipasi dalam penyusunan dan perencanaan APBD.

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The level of people’s welfare is influenced by the potential resources owned by each region.Human resources and natural resources have a great influence if they are not managed properly. Sometimes each region has different problems even though they have adjacent areas. Areas with abundant natural resource potential are sometimes weak with human resources, other regions have good human resources but lack of natural resources. This condition requires cooperation to complement the existing deficiencies. This paper with a normative legal analysis examines the strategies to optimize existing local potentials through inter-regional cooperation. Within the normative framework, this cooperation must first be built in the form of regulations. The legal product formed in the form of a policy of cooperation between regions with materials/substances in which it regulates the optimization strategy together.