Hypomineralisation or hypoplasia? IN BRIEF Provides general dental practitioners with an overview of the background and aetiology of enamel hypomineralisation and hypoplasia  Outlines the different characteristics and clinical variabilities between hypomineralisation and hypoplasia  Provides an understanding of how to diagnose hypomineralisation and hypoplasia and guide management ABSTRACTEnamel hypomineralisation is a qualitative defect, with reduced mineralisation resulting in discoloured enamel in a tooth of normal shape and size. Because the enamel is weaker, teeth can undergo post eruptive breakdown, resulting in missing enamel. Enamel hypoplasia is a quantitative defect of the enamel presenting as pits, grooves, missing enamel or smaller teeth. It can sometimes be difficult to differentiate between the two. In this review paper, we aim to explain the importance of differentiating between the two conditions, and how to manage patients presenting with enamel defects. HOW DOES ENAMEL FORM?Enamel is produced by specialised end-differentiated cells known as ameloblasts. 1 The formation of enamel can be separated into initial stages which involve secretion of matrix proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin, and later stages of mineralization and maturation. 1

Local anaesthesia forms the backbone of pain control techniques in dentistry and has a major role in dentistry for children and adults alike. Dental anxiety is still prevalent amongst children, causing delays in seeking dental care leading to increased rates in childhood caries resulting in increased hospital admissions for dental care under general anaesthesia. There is a constant search for more comfortable means of achieving local anaesthesia to provide a more positive experience for paediatric patients when seeking dental treatment. This article aims to provide an overview of local anaesthetic techniques used in paediatric dentistry, as well as methods utilised to make local anaesthetic administration more comfortable and how to increase acceptability.1 Ram D, Peretz B. Administering local anaesthesia to paediatric dental patients-current status and prospects for the future.