The potential use of stem cell based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues offers a paradigm shift that may provide alternative therapeutic solutions for a number of diseases. The use of either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells in clinical situations is limited due to cell regulations and to technical and ethical considerations involved in genetic manipulation of human ESCs, even though these cells are highly beneficial. Mesenchymal stem cells seen to be an ideal population of stem cells in particular, Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) which can be obtained in large number and easily harvested from adipose tissue. It is ubiquitously available and has several advantages compared to other sources as easily accessible in large quantities with minimal invasive harvesting procedure, and isolation of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells yield a high amount of stem cells which is essential for stem cell based therapies and tissue engineering. Recently, periodontal tissue regeneration using ASCs has been examined in some animal models. This method has potential in the regeneration of functional periodontal tissues because various secreted growth factors from ASCs might not only promote the regeneration of periodontal tissues but also encourage neovascularization of the damaged tissues. This review summarizes the sources, isolation and characteristics of adipose derived stem cells and its potential role in periodontal regeneration is discussed.

Background:One of the important tumor markers having critically important applications in every aspect of treating men with prostatic illness is prostate-specific antigen (PSA), formed by prostate acini's epithelial cells. Where prostate is affected by inflammation or malignancy, the PSA levels rise to/and above 4 ng/ml. This study analyzes the interlink between different severity of periodontitis and prostatitis by assessment of PSA antigen levels and periodontal clinical parameters.Materials and Methods:In this study, 100 chronic prostatitis patients diagnosed to also have periodontal diseases were divided into four batches on the basis of the nature of prostatitis and levels of periodontal clinical attachment. The grouping was as: group 1A – clinical attachment level (CAL) <3 mm and mild prostatitis, Group 2A – CAL ≥3 mm and mild prostatitis, and Group 1B – CAL <3 mm and moderate-to-severe prostatitis, Group 2B – CAL ≥3 mm and moderate-to-severe prostatitis. Readings of CAL, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, plaque index, and gingival index (PI and GI) were recorded, followed by calculation and assessment of PSA values and correlation of periodontal parameters, respectively.Results:An important and affirmative correlation (r = 0.5549, P < 0.05) was seen between PSA and CAL scores at significance level of 5%, and also between PSA and probing depths (PD) scores at 5% (r = 0.5315, P < 0.05), indicating that PSA and CAL scores, as also PSA and PD scores are mutually dependent. The similar positive correlation was seen between PSA with PI (r = 0.3231, P < 0.05) and GI (r = 0.3567, P < 0.05) scores, respectively, at 5% level of significance, which shows PSA is also mutually dependent on PI and GI scores.Conclusion:Patients with of grades, moderate-to-severe prostatitis as well as periodontitis were found having higher PSA levels. The clinical readings of periodontal parameters were significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe prostatitis which shows a pathological link between the above two.

Fabrication of dentures aided with implants has become a preferred treatment option for rehabilitation of completely and partially edentulous patients when durability is concerned. Simulation to natural teeth in terms of esthetics and to a greater extent in function can be considered as key elements in the raise of implant dentistry worldwide. Despite its high success rate, therapy with osseointegrated dental implants is not free of complications. Implant failure can occur for other reasons, with implant fracture being one of the major reasons for late failure. Although the incidence of implant fractures may be low, it invariably effects the patient and also clinician. Thus, sound evidence based knowledge of cause of fracture is mandatory for that careful treatment that can reduce the incidence of fracture helping in a better treatment plan. The aim of this review is to enlighten the various causes of implant fracture.

Neutrophils are the first line of innate immune defense against infectious diseases. Since their discovery, they have always been considered tissue-destructive cells responsible for inflammatory tissue damage occurring during infections. Extensive research in the field of neutrophil cell biology and their role skewing the immune response in various infections or inflammatory disorders revealed their importance in the regulation of immune response. Neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) for the containment of infection and inflammation along with other antimicrobial molecules. Activated neutrophils provide signals for the activation and maturation of macrophages as well as dendritic cells. Neutrophils are also involved in the regulation of T-cell immune response against various pathogens and tumor antigens. Thus, the present review is intended to highlight the emerging role of neutrophil extracellular trap production in the regulation of immune response and its role in periodontal disease.

A waiting period of 12 months or longer to allow total socket healing used to be accepted protocol for placing implants. This paradigm has been challenged within the last decade by reducing the time between tooth extraction and implant placement. New protocols have been developed in which implants are placed at the time of extraction of the tooth, or soon after, before significant bone resorption occurs, known as immediate implants. This study aims to determine the success rate of implants placed immediately into fresh extraction sockets, by evaluating clinically and radiographically the soft tissue and hard tissue changes that occur up to 9 months following placement of implants.