BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) also known as atopic eczema, is an allergic condition with hereditary predisposition. It mostly presents with intensely itchy skin, raised, splotchy lesions anywhere throughout the body. AD is most commonly seen in younger age group, the severity increases with increasing age. It is a chronic allergic condition, having both dermatologic as well as ocular manifestations. Ocular manifestations and its complications of AD are proven to be potentially morbid. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequencies, prevalence and pattern of ocular manifestations in patients with Atopic Dermatitis in our Tertiary eye care center in Western Odisha, so that early diagnosis and treatment of symptoms can be effectively done to prevent complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Hospital based observational study of Ocular manifestations in 80 cases of Atopic Dermatitis was done over 12 months. To study the frequency of ocular symptoms and its complications, a study group comprising of 49 males and 31 females were examined thoroughly. Associated ocular signs, anterior segment of eye and fundus were examined. RESULTS Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) having the maximum contribution (38.8%) followed by severe blepharoconjunctivitis (20.3%) was found in our study. Lid involvement appeared as thickening, scaling and Dennie Morgan folds, while conjunctival changes were seen in form of severe follicular and moderate to severe papillary reactions with limbal thickening. Cobblestone appearance of papillae were typically found along with papillary hypertrophy. The ocular abnormalities were mostly found in the age group of 0-10 years with an average duration of suffering from AD of >1 year. The ocular manifestations in our case group were not significantly associated with visual impairment or any serious morbidity.

Diabetes mellitus can lead to various ocular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), cataract, glaucoma, keratopathy, refractive changes, palsy of the oculomotor nerve, and chronic inflammation of lids. Diabetes mellitus a common microangiopathy not only involve the inner structures of eye but also affect cornea and ocular adnexa. After 6 months of follow up 33 patients who were not on strict glycaemic control and had bad compliance with treatment like not using artificial tear drops, antioxidants regularly had grittiness in 26 (78.78%) patients, burning in 19 patients (57.57%), FB sensation in l6 (48.48%) and redness in 6 (30.30%) patients.

Dry eye is more prevalent in diabetic patients as indicated by increased use of lubricant than non-diabetic. Dry eye is one of the most common ailments seen by an ophthalmologist, especially in this polluted modern word. Diabetes one of the most common diseases affecting the urban population accounts for significant number of cases of dry eye. The prevalence of dry eye syndrome was 54.3%. Diabetes and dry eyes appear to have a common association was proved. The results show that 52.8% of all diabetic subjects complained of dry eye symptoms was conducted.

Eighty-six patient (49males, 37 females) with acute thrombosed external prolapsed haemorrhoids from January 2019 to January 2022 were treated topically with heparin sodium plus benzyl nicotinate along with 0.5% nifedipine ointment paste (t.i.d.) for 8 wk. All the patients were advised to take a high-fibre diet and assessed post-treatment at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The healing of external thrombosed haemorrhoids and any side effects were recorded. The patients were again followed up subsequently in the outpatient department for the period of 2years and contacted by phone every three months thereafter, while they were encouraged to come back if symptoms recurred. Seventy-nine of the 86 patients followed the instruction regularly and completed the 8-wk treatment course, of them 77 patients (85.2%) achieved a complete remission indicated by resolution of pain and swellings symptoms and resolution of the thrombosis of haemorrhoids. Of the remaining nine unhealed patients (14.8%), 5 opted to undergo haemorrhoidectomy and the other 4 to continue therapy for four additional weeks, resulting in healing and resolution of pain and swellings symptoms and resolution of the thrombosis of haemorrhoids.

The nonunion can develop after an open fracture, after 1oUs open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), or as a sequela to chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis. The incidence also seems to be increasing especially in view of increasing high velocity trauma, which is usually treated by internal fixation. It is difficult to treat infected nonunion, because of the following reasons. Aim of the study is to observe the role of Orthofix limb reconstruction system as a treatment in non-union with bone loss with shortening due to fresh fractures. In the last twenty-five months we had the opportunity to treat thirteen cases of non-union and two cases of shortening With Limb reconstruction system. Out of thirteen patients eight patients had infected nonunion following open fracture and three patients had infected nonunion following previous surgeries with internal fixation for closed fractures and two patients had nonunion following treatment with traditional bone setters for closed fractures. Our follow up of cases varied from six to fifteen months. The results were divided into bony results and functional results, according to the classification of the ASAMI (Association for the study and application of the method of Ilizarov).