This study was conducted to analyse the value in Makayaklo culture of efforts to build solidarity and social integration among the North Maluku people. Conscience, obliging humans in absolute terms, and formal behaviour are some of the main values in this culture, as they are the qualifications of a responsible person. The Makayaklo culture also highly values the principles of solidarity, which include helping others, cooperating, togetherness, simplicity, responsibility, improved reasoning, and empathy. Other values that are traditional and absolute include humility, strong belief in Islam, achieving a high position by working without undue influence, and gaining wealth through hard work. This study used a qualitative method with a multi-case study approach, which was intended to uncover and analyse the value of the Makayaklo tradition of building solidarity and socially integration among the North Maluku people. The results indicated that Makayaklo culture could be used as the primary reference for folklore, literature, and religion, which pass on the moral values required for character education. Further analysis showed that celebrations and partaking in them are the two most significant points of Makayaklo culture. Therefore, to sustain Makayaklo, preservation is needed by incorporating tradition into local content curriculum in basic education.

This research was conducted to produce a public policy model to anticipate floods in Ternate City due to changes in the geo-environmental conditions of the Tugurara River based on geological analysis results. These model intended to help the local government in determining the policy to deal with the Tugurara River disaster threat. Analysis of geo-environmental conditions was conducted using statistical methods obtained from previous studies -furthermore, the theory of public policy analysis in determining the appropriate policy for handling the risk that will occur. Results revealed that runoff water correlates with extensive changes of the Tugurara River area. These area change becomes more because of runoff water discharge amount erode the rock on the river wall and cause the river wall as well as the presenting any material river wall along the river as a catastrophic outburst flood lava on a residential area three villages in 2011 (this condition is particular compare than another river in North Maluku or others). Therefore changes Tugurara River area, occurred very significant. The river engineering can refer to the flood prevention model that has been applied to the Jeneberang River in South Sulawesi by building Sabo Dam along the river, adapted to the particular characteristics of the Tugurara River. Therefore, the critical formulation of public policy alternative carried out by the Ternate City government is infrastructure development, community involvement, and networking development. After the public policy is determined, then further research can be conduct on the evaluation and comprehensive analysis of policy implementation.

This study tried to reveal ways to reduce bureaucratic corruption that occurred in the institutions of government agencies. Bureaucratic corruption phenomenon almost spreaded in various state structures. Most studies on bureaucratic corruption had not been able to devise means and strategies that were best in handling and reducing corruption. The results of this study also tried to offer the formulation of a new formula to eradicate corruption in Indonesia Bureaucracy through Public Administration Ethical Approach. The method used in this study described the use of literature review, which deepens various concepts of corruption eradication of bureaucracy in the literature data, read, record and process materials that formulated the theory of a formula that was expected to be the first clue to the bureaucracy of corruption eradication in Indonesia.Several theories were used in formulating the theory, among others: Teleological, Deontological; and Virtue Ethics in the Ethics Administration. Teleological theory emphasized the good and bad aspects as well as the causes and consequences of bureaucratic corruption. Deontological theory emphasized the right or bad, either an action does not depend on the outcome rather than the compulsory nature of the act itself. Deontological ethics assume that acts of corruption are things of any bad consequences. The theory of virtue ethics emphasized "good character" as evidenced by integrity. Virtue ethics could be understood from the order from the soul to do something well. The results of this study concluded that the reduction of bureaucratic corruption ideally starts from the strengthening of ethical values that are useful to distinguish between the good and the bad; better consistency of actions; morals for the government; promoting honesty and fairness; both administrative and legal actions across the government bureaucracy in Indonesia. Similarly, some of the options in reducing bureaucratic corruption are namely: needs for greater control over participatory community social dynamics; and criticism and supervision of bureaucratic behavior. The study concludes that, the corruption of the bureaucracy can be reduced if the integrity of state officials, virtue and conscience of the government to end the bad deeds is achieved.

Hindrances are also tackled by the villages in the implementation of their development program, mainly the communities located in West Halmahera Regency, namely: first, there are conflicts or land disputes related to the development in tourism objects and destinations between the Village Government and the local villagers. Second, the weak ability of actors at the village level in planning or developing program plans that are appropriate to the needs of the region. Third, a lack of knowledge, a lack of writing ability or conceptualizing, and delivery of opinions possessed by the village discussion participants. This research aims to understand in depth about the Land conflict in Tourism Destination Development in West Halmahera Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach, while the type of research is called constructivism. The results of this study indicated that there is no mutual understanding between the village government and community members regarding the settlement of land disputes or conflicts at the Tourism Objectives and destination area. In addition, there are differences of beliefs, regarding the ownership of the legal status of the land and can be proven by the certificate of ownership for the property that is utilized as a tourist attraction.