Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is among the most promising technologies for enhancing life quality. WBANs enable constant monitoring of physiological processes by implanting or wearing small, low-power, intelligent sensor nodes in or on the human body. These sensor nodes may be placed either invasively or non-invasively. Patient data must be disseminated reliably and promptly for WBAN's healthcare apps to function. For this reason, medical teams may use real-time apps for sharing vital information like blood pressure, an ECG, and an EEG. Critical data packets are delay-sensitive and must arrive at sink nodes within the time constraints that satisfy QoS for WBAN. However, networks' unpredictable and dynamic nature (node mobility, link partitioning) makes reliable data transfer a challenging task. Additionally, postural mobility and ultra-short wireless range cause rapid topology changes, resulting in network partitioning. The network partitioning causes failure of data delivery to the sink or coordinator and causes a delay as well. In the case of normal data, it is not a big issue, but it is not tolerable for emergency data because it may be life-threatening. Consequently, compromising the link reliability and stability results in higher delays, increased packet re-transmissions, and decreased throughput performance. Therefore, we propose an Enhanced Probabilistic Route Stability (EPRS) scheme to address these issues. The proposed EPRS scheme introduces a cost function called Link Assessment Cost (LAC) that makes coherent decisions regarding route reliability in determining whether an active route is a good candidate for routing and satisfying QoS requirements. The LAC is based on two critical factors about link status, i.e., Route Stability Factor (RSF) and Expected Probability of link E(p). Based on these factors, a score is assigned to a link that determines the status (likelihood) of a link, either connected or disconnected. In this way, the multi-facet EPRS selects the most stable and reliable routes despite the disconnection in the networks, thereby improving the route stability and throughput, minimizing the end-to-end delay, route discovery calls, and retransmissions as depicted by simulation results.

The Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) can be envisioned as a cost-effective solution to provide monitoring and reporting services in medical and non-medical applications to improve quality of life. The dissemination of patient data in a timely and reliable manner is one of the necessities of healthcare applications of WBSN. The critical data packets are highly delay-sensitive. However, these packets reaching the destination beyond timelines undermine the benefit of such networks. To provide real-time health monitoring an adequate link (in terms of reliability, stability, and QoS) has to be maintained. However, the distinguishing characteristics of WBSN pose several challenges to be countered such as limited resources, transmission range, and unreliable wireless links in terms of QoS as low-power radios are sensitive to interference and noise. Consequently, some portions of the network experience a significant level of congestion thereby strain the communication links, available bandwidth, insufficient buffer space, increased number of collisions, packet losses, and transmission disruption. Therefore, importing QoS awareness in routing decisions is important to improve the performance of WBSN. This paper proposes a QoS-aware routing protocol named TLD-RP (Temperature, Link-reliable, and Delay-aware Routing Protocol) for WBSN. Most of the temperature-aware routing protocols proposed for the WBSN incorporate either single or composite routing metrics (temperature, hop count, or energy). However, optimized route discovery has been overlooked in most of the previous studies on QoS requirements such as link reliability, stability, and link delay. Keeping in view these limitations, the proposed TLD-RP makes use of a multifacet composite routing metric by carefully considering the critical QoS requirements for the WBAN. The design of the proposed TLD-RP scheme centers on the link's reliability, path delay, and link's asymmetric property. These design factors enable the proposed TLD-RP scheme to make more informed decisions regarding dynamic channel conditions. The optimized links satisfying the QoS requirements are selected for routing data packets. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed TLD-RP strategy by improving WBSN performance along with throughput, packet delivery, network overhead, and link stability.

In this paper, we present an ultrawideband reflective metasurface with the properties of an LTC-PC, which is an orthotropic composition with two mutually orthogonal symmetric axes, v and u, and 45° rotation about the vertical y-axis. Based on the metasurface unit cell, it seems like a circular pie embedded with a rectangular patch. The converter can convert LP electromagnetic (EM) waves to CP waves over the bands from 20.18 GHz to 33.93 GHz, with a 3-dB AR bandwidth of up to 50.8% and a circular polarization wave that is RHCP (right hand CP). Moreover, the linear-to-circular PCR exceeds 98% in the frequency bands of 20–34 GHz. A comprehensive theoretical investigation was conducted to determine the fundamental cause of the LTC polarization conversion. The ∆φuv between two reflection coefficients at v- and u-polarized incidences is ±90°, which fully anticipates the axial ratio of the reflected wave. Any reflective metasurface can be used as an efficient LTC-PC if the ∆φuv is close to ±90°.

Purpose: The study's goal is to look into the impact of poverty on schooling in rural Pakistan. The purpose of the research is to see if pupils in Pakistan are truly affected by the country's economic situation and how much a standard of life can influence a student's education rural community. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research study used a cross-sectional survey design to scientifically analyze and identifies or discusses various dimension of poverty that impacts education. The data was obtained using a questionnaire from a sample of 650 respondents drawn from the area. Using regression analysis and other results performed through STATA and Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). Findings: In Pakistan, there is a long list of educational issues. We may not have the ability to change the system, but we do have the ability to change ourselves. As a result, many in positions of power are unconcerned about the government schools' weak educational system. Because parents' income is insufficient to sustain the entire family, Pakistan's rising poverty forces every member of the household to work. In this situation how can a poor man care about his children's education when he has nothing to eat. Implications/Originality/Value: Education, more than ever, is the key to escaping poverty, while poverty remains the most significant barrier to education.

In this article, a novel and high-efficiency dual-wideband linear-to-circular polarization conversion based on a rectangular-slot reflective metasurface is anticipated, one that can convert linearly polarized (LP) electromagnetic waves into right- and left-hand circularly polarized waves in two non-adjacent frequency bands. The converter is an orthotropic design, with a pair of mutually orthogonal symmetric axes (u and v) along orientations tilted at 45° to the y-axis. The simulated results indicate that the dual-wideband circularly polarized wave is achieved under a y-polarized an electromagnetic (EM) incidence wave over the bands of 16.49–23.54 GHz and 26.44–34.56 GHz with 3 dB axial ratio relative bandwidths of 35.23% and 26.62%, respectively, and a polarization conversion ratio (PCR) in excess of 99%. A detailed mathematical investigation is proposed to determine the fundamental factor causing the dual-wideband linear-to-circular polarization conversion. The phase difference (∆φuv) between ruu and rvv under u- and v- polarized incident waves is ±90°, and it entirely determines the 3 dB reflected wave axial ratio. Any reflective converter can work efficiently as a linear-to-circular polarization conversion if the phase difference (∆φuv) is close to ±90°.