Objective: Transdermal drug delivery systems deliver the drug through the skin at controlled rate to the systemic circulation. It maintains the blood concentration of the drug within the therapeutic system window ensuring that drug levels neither fall below the minimum effective concentration nor exceed the minimum toxic dose. The objective of the present work was to formulate transdermal gel of Lornoxicam. It is a COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor used in the treatment of inflammation, pain and edema, rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Transdermal gel of Lornoxicam was formulated using triethanolamine as solvent, HPMC K100 and EC as polymers. Formulated gel was evaluated with respect to different physiochemical parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability. In-vitro release study was performed for 10 hrs. Selected formulation was subjected to stability testing at different temperatures. Results: There was good homogeneity in all formulations and no lumps were present. The pH of the gel formulations was in the range of 6.77 to 7.14. Viscosity of various formulated gels was found in the range of 2176.5 to 3468.4 centipoises. The cumulative percent drug release after 10 hrs in between 50.3 to 82.11%. Accelerated stability studies for 12 weeks revealed that the transdermal gel formulation were stable at up to 45 o C. Conclusion: Study concludes Lornoxicam can be delivered in the form of transdermal gel in an efficient way.On basis of drug content, particle size morphology, in-vitro release and stability studies, it can be concluded that formulation LTG4 was an optimum formulation

Background: Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a high-priority, neglected, tropical disease that affects millions of people in developing countries annually. The only available standard drug used for the treatment of SBE is antisnake venom (ASV) which consists of immunoglobulins that have been purified from the plasma of animals hyper-immunized against snake venoms. The use of plants as alternatives for treatment of poisonous bites particularly snakebites is important in remote areas where there might be limited, or no access to hospitals and storage facilities for antivenom. The pharmacological activity of some of the medicinal plants used traditionally in the treatment of SBE have also been scientifically validated. Method: A systematic review will be conducted according to the Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Data from Experimental Studies checklist for study quality in animal/ in vivo studies. The tool will be modified and validated to assess in vitro models and studies that combine in vivo and in vitro studies. The systematic review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. English published articles on African medicinal plants used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming will be searched in Medline, Embase, and Scopus from 2000 to 2021. Dissemination: The findings of the study will be communicated through publication in peer-reviewed journal and presentation at scientific conferences. Medicinal plants have been important sources for the development of many effective drugs currently available in orthodox medicine. Botanically derived medicines have played a major role in human societies throughout history. Plants components used in traditional medicine gained much attention by many toxinologists as a tool for designing potent antidotes against snake envenoming. Our systematic review will provide a synthesis of the literature on the efficacy of these medicinal plants. We will also appraise the prospects of African medicinal plants with pharmacologically demonstrated activity against snakebite and envenoming.

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The research is design to provide scientific evidence for the use of Cryptolepis oblongifolia in traditional treatment of inflammation and also to examine whether it have some snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibition potential. A triterpene was isolated from C. oblongifolia using column chromatography and identified via spectroscopic means. The inhibitory activity of the isolate on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) of Naja nigricollis venom was evaluated. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) of the isolated compound showed the presence of olefinic protons while the carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) showed the presence of exomethylene carbon atoms. By comparison with the reported literature the compound was found to be lupeol, the inhibitory activity of the isolate on PLA2 of Naja nigricollis venom showed that, the isolate inhibits the PLA2 at dose dependent manner with inhibition binding constant (ki) of 0.015 mg/ml. The activity of the compound isolated supports the local usage of C. oblongifolia in traditional treatment of inflammation.