No abstract

Under laboratory conditions, three aqueous seed extracts of Sinapis alba, Ammi visnaga and Lepidium sativum were tested against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Exposure of juveniles and eggs to the tested plant water extract solutions for 72 hr , and 144hr separately reduced the number of active nematodes to J2 immobility and egg hatching as well. Among tested materials, Lepidium sativum seed extract surpassed other seed extracts treatment in diminishing values of J2 immobility and egg hatching by 94.6 and 5.3% at 72 hr of exposure as well as 63.5 and 1.4% at 144 hr of exposure, respectively. Moreover, treatments of Ammi visnaga and Sinapis alba seed extracts showed considerable percentage of reduction values of J2 immobility and egg hatching that averaged 36.4 & 48.5%; and 63.5 & 51.4%; and 60.7 & 69.9% ; and 39.3 & 29.9% at 72 and 144 hr of exposure time, respectively. Combination of plant seed extracts were the most effective in J2 mobility after 1 and 7 day comparing to control.

The present study investigated the antidiarrhoeal and hepatoprotective potential of 50 % ethanolic extract of stems of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. in experimental rats. Diarrhoea along with hepatotoxicity was induced by feeding red kidney beans, i.e., Phaseolus vulgaris, mixed with rat feed in the ratio of 30:70 (study diet) along with administering CCl 4 , mixed with olive oil (1:1; v/v) at 4 ml/kg body weight orally twice a week for trial period of 10 days. Group 1 was healthy control; Group 2 was positive control; Group 3 received silymarin (5 mg/kg b.wt orally) and atropine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg, intra muscular OD); Groups 4 and 5 received 50 % ethanolic extract of T. cordifolia at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight orally, respectively. Results revealed that Group 3 rats restored fecal consistencies from 3 rd day onwards while in Groups 4 and 5, fecal consistency restored from 7 th and 8 th day onwards, respectively. Significant increase in liver enzyme activities due to CCl 4 toxicity was restored well in Group 3, followed by the group receiving T. cordifolia at 200 mg/kg. No significant changes were noticed in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and total bilirubin level within all groups. Oxidative stress indices like lipid peroxida tion (3.03 ± 0.1 2 nmol MDA/ mg protein) and glutathione (6 .46 ± 0.3 8 mol/mg protein) were significantly improved in Group 3, followed by group receiving T. cordifolia at 200 mg, whereas superoxide dismutase (8.13 ± 0.1 U/mg protein) and catalase (7.94 ± 0.3 U/mg protein) were improved better in Group 3, followed by Group 5 receiving T. cordifolia at 100 mg. Histopathological study of liver revealed the changes like hepatic degeneration, vacuolation, and dissolution of cytoplasm in negative control group. Silymarin treated group revealed normalcy in hepatic cord with mild vacuolar changes. T. cordifolia at 200 mg/kg treatment group revealed only mild fatty changes in liver. This study revealed the dose-dependent hepatoprotectant and antidiarrhoeal effect of T. cordifolia in experimental rats.

Under greenhouse conditions, the tested materials i.e. plant water seeds extract solutions have significantly reduced and affected number of galls and eggmasses of Meloidogyne incognita on roots and its number of J2 in soil of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Castle Rock compared to untreated control. Isothiocyantes components from seeds of Sinapis alba, Ammi visnaga, and Lepidium sativum using its biofumigation separately on the degree of nematode reduction parameters varied according to the concentration and type of the tested materials. Significant increase in weight of fruits / plant was also achieved by most tested materials. These results suggested that species of Apiaceae plants may be used in crop rotations as antagonistic plants or green manures to reduce Meloidogyne galls and eggs on rot systems. Dry preparations of these tested plants or extracts could be used as bionematicides.