We propose a new cloud service model called Internet-of-Things (IoT)-Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IoT-IaaS). Under an IoT-IaaS, an IaaS cloud service provider can go beyond offering IoT data streams and offer access to IoT infrastructure to users, the same way data center infrastructure is shared in the IaaS model. We developed a reference design for the proposed IoT-IaaS cloud service model, built from open source components. We demonstrate the proposed reference design in the form of a virtualized-IoT (vIoT) testbed. The vIoT testbed uses the OpenStack cloud management system and Raspberry Pi embedded computers (standing in for IoT devices) configured as Novacompute nodes and LXD containers. We also developed a simple mechanism for shared access to high data rate sensors (a camera) and low data rate sensors (temperature-humidity) by multiple tenants. We tested the performance of container launch times, memory access (with and without ZRAM optimization kernel module enabled), CPU, and file I/O for applications running inside Linux containers and compared it with the same performance when running on the Raspberry Pi's host OS. We conclude that there is no significant performance penalty for executing the edge component of an IoT application inside a Linux container, rather than directly on the device's host OS.

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Blockchain is a disrupting technology that has the capability to completely alter the design, activities, and product flows in logistics and supply chain networks. It provides assurance of openness, immutability, transparency, security, and neutrality for all supply chain agents and stakeholders. In this paper, we explore the improvements and tradeoffs introduced by using blockchains in logistics management in terms of the sustainability of society, the environment, and economic dimensions of the supply chain. Blockchain technology makes it much more difficult to counterfeit products by providing indisputable and immutable proof of the provenance of the raw materials, products, and sale to the end consumer. This can potentially enhance the trust of the consumer in the product and financially benefit the manufacturer through the protection of their intellectual property rights. This paper explores the benefits, applications, and issues related to the usage of blockchain and smart contracts for logistics and supply-chain management. We focus on the implementation, deployment, audit, and operational aspects of smart contracts in the blockchain applied to terrestrial, maritime, and aerial logistics networks. The paper also discusses opportunities and challenges that arise due to the use of smart contracts in these sectors.