IntroductionMaize germplasm has the potential to exhibit many genetic variations that help it to survive in a wide range of environments (Paterniani et al., 2000). Genetic diversity is desirable in all breeding programs and landraces are an important source for tolerant or resistant genes against biotic and abiotic stresses (Araújo and Nass, 2002). Landraces are continuously replaced by high-yielding cultivars having narrower genetic variations (Pollack, 2003), while genetic enhancement of germplasm pools is only possible by exploring wider genetic resources (Rajaram and Van Ginkel 1996).Stalk rot disease of maize, caused by Fusarium verticillioides, is one of the most widespread and damaging diseases throughout the world, resulting in serious yield losses (

Objective: To conclude frequency for malignancies in subjects with mass in breast at the PUMHSW Nawabshah department of surgery Wards. Design of Study: This is an Observational research. Duration & Location of Study: Current research was carried out in surgery at Nawabshah People's Medical College Hospital (SBA) from November 20, 2018 to November 20, 2020. Methodology: This research comprised of 200 subjects. A comprehensive history was taken from total subjects with special consideration for breast nodules & axillary lymph nodes & recorded proforma to evaluate the affected area was specifically inspected. A systematic review was also conducted to identify comorbidities. Total subjects received baseline & specific tests, especially radiological & histopathological reports. The selection criterion was that total female subjects over the age of 15 associated with mass in breast were included in this research. Exclusion criteria were subjects with breast abscesses & those who were diagnosed & treated for breast cancer with recurrent lesions. Results: the range of age started from 15-65 years, 39+4.11 years was mean age. lesion of Benign nature on biopsy were were Fibroadenoma 22%, intraductal papilloma 9%, Phylloid Tumor Benign 6% & lactating adenoma 5%. Neoplastic nature was observed on biopsy invasive ductal carcinoma 19%, Invasive lobular carcinoma 11% & malignant phylloides tumor 9%. Conclusion: Study determined that frequency of breast malignancy in breast lumps was 58%.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable lethal inherited neurological disorder of brain cells caused by increased CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene. It is the disease of mind and body which causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance leading to eventual death. HD is incurable, but treatment is available for the symptoms of this disease. Latest technologies and techniques are used to diagnose HD. Neuroimaging and genetic testing are two important diagnoses techniques are available to measure the progress of the disease at any later stage. Drastic research is underway to control the disease with neuro-transplantation and neuro-surgery as a potential treatment in future to cure HD. The advancements in science and technologies and research on HD have indicated bright chances of cure. In the future, this disease seems to become curable Huntington's disease.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0937/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Typhoid ileal perforation is the common complication of typhoid fever in third week of its phase of progression. It is the most common cause of mortality in developing countries. Small perforations are dealt with primary repair and the more complicated disease is treated by multiple other options. Prognosis is good with primary repair with least postoperative complications. Objectives: To detect the outcome of typhoid ileal perforation treated by primary repair at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Surgical Department of PMC Hospital Nawabshah. Period: From August 2017 to December 2018. Material & Methods: This study included total 70 patients. All patients were admitted from surgical OPD and emergency department of PMCH Nawabshah. Out of 70, 45 (64.28%) were females and 25 (35.71%) were male patients. Age ranged from 27 to 52 and 24 to 47 in females and males respectively. The common presentation was pain in whole abdomen along with distention and fever, vomiting. Plain X ray chest/ Abdomen and ultra sonography showed gas under diaphragm. Primary repair was done and also other surgical options but our study included only the postoperative outcomes of primary repair of typhoid ileal perforation. A few complications were detected after primary repair of the gut perforation. Results: Total 70 patients were included in this study. 45 (64.28%) were females and 25 (35.71%) were male patients. In females, 25 (55%) were found single perforations of less than 1cm whereas 7 (15.5%) had size of perforation less than 1.5 cm. In 25 males, 11 (44%) had single perforations of less than 1cm in size. 2 (8%) had < 1.5 cm size perforations and 12 (48%). Over all complication rate in this study was 26%. Conclusion: Primary repair is the best surgical option to treat typhoid ileal perforation in selected patients with least postoperative complications.