: Coronaviruses are a large family and a subset of Coronaviridae that include common cold viruses and other severe diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This is an ecological study based on statistics of the prevalence of coronavirus disease until 30 April 2020, based on the reports sent to the World Health Organization (WHO). This study investigates the distribution of the incidence and trend of the incidence rate of COVID-19 in countries, and its relation with the human development index (HDI) until 30 April 2020. The results showed that the most cases of coronavirus disease until the mentioned date were in the United States of America (1,003,947 cases), Spain (212,917 cases), Italy (203,591 cases), the United Kingdom (165,225 cases), and Germany (159,119 cases), in sequence. The results exhibited a significant positive correlation between the incidence of COVID-2019 and HDI in the world (r = 0.470, P < 0.0001).

Background:The aim of present study is to determine the spatial-temporal epidemiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Iranian children. Methods: This ecological study was performed using an exploratory mixed design. The study population consists of 3769 children with ALL who were reported in the National Cancer Registry Program of Iran from 2006 to 2014. Data analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U, joinpoint regression analysis, Global Moran's I and Anselin Local Moran's I. Results: The average annual incidence rate of ALL was 2.25 per 100 000 children under 15 years of age during the study period, which was 1.37 times higher in males. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the disease was 7.1%, which is higher than that of developed countries. The incidence of ALL was higher in spring and summer and its peak incidence was at the age of 2-5. Spatial autocorrelation of the ALL was 0.358 and significant (P value <0.001). The high-risk cluster of ALL was identified in Fars and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces and the low-risk cluster in Kermanshah, Zanjan and Kurdistan provinces. Conclusion:The incidence of ALL is on rise in Iranian children and appropriate healthcare services are required to prevent new cases of this disease in high-risk areas.

The most common type of childhood cancers is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The present study was conducted to determine the spatial-temporal epidemiological status of ALL in Iran. METHODS: Using an exploratory mixed design, this ecological study examined 3769 under-15 children with ALL who were reported in the National Cancer Registry of Iran during 2006 to 2014. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U, Getis-Ord General G (GOGG), Optimized hot spot analysis (OHSA), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) at α2 range and the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The average annual incidence rate of the disease was 2.25 and the cumulative incidence rate was 21.31 per 100,000 under-15 children. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of patients' age were 5.90 ±3.68 and the peak incidence was observed among 2-5-year olds. No significant difference in the mean age between boys and girls (P = 0.261). The incidence of ALL was seasonal and more common during spring and summer. The Getis-Ord General G index was 0.358 and significant (P-value <0.001). Hot spots were identified in south, central and eastern Iran and cold spots in north and west of Iran. PCC between CIR and latitude was negative (r=-0.5086 P=0.0035) but between CIR and longitude was positive (r= 0.3474 P =0.0555). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to developed countries, the incidence of ALL in Iranian children is lower but increasing. Can be argued that the incidence of ALL is due to the synergism interaction between environmental, infectious, geographical and genetic risk factors.

Background: Drug use has always been suggested as the first preventable agent of various diseases and deaths around the world. Nowadays, this problem is more prevalent among young people and students of universities that are at risk. Objectives: Due to the newness of the case and legal restrictions on the consumption of psychoactive drugs in Iran, there are no statistics regarding the prevalence of consuming these drugs; therefore, it was decided to determine the prevalence and causes of tendency towards the consumption of psychoactive drugs among students of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present research was a cross sectional study, through which 250 students of Yazd University of Medical Sciences were selected using systematic random sampling and investigated in 2015. Data was collected through a self-made questionnaire and then analyzed using the SPSS software version 22 at a significance level of P = 0.05 using frequency tables, chart, Chi-square, and logistic regression test. Results: The prevalence of psychoactive drugs consumption was 5.6%. The most important factor of tendency towards consumption of psychoactive drugs among students has been failure to meet their emotional needs (35.7%), yet taking pleasure has been the mainspring for consuming these drugs in most cases (50%). There was a statistical significant relationship between psychoactive drugs consumption and age, place of residence, drug history in parents, and being exposed to cigarette smoke throughout the day (P < 0.05). The most commonly estimated odds ratio (OR = 13.08) was related to non-native students. Conclusions: Due to the relatively high prevalence of psychoactive drugs consumption in students of medical sciences as messengers of health, holding life skill workshops and consulting with students, providing appropriate recreational facilities seem essential in order to reduce the prevalence and prevent this dilemma.

Introduction: Nursing is as a clinical profession that is improving day to day. One of the important problem at hospitals is that nursing management are not aware of the competency of new entrance nurses. So, this study was done to assess competency of new nurses Emam Hasan hospital at Bojnurd. Methods: This study was the first stage of an action research. Nurses with under 10 working years were selected by census sampling. Task-based checklists based on profession nursing task, 13 clinical competencies were chosen for OSCE stations with Checklists for every competency. Content validity and inter-rater reliability were done. The data was analysis with Spss20 and doing descriptive (Frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson Correlation Coefficient), and considering levels of significance (P < 0.05). Results: This study showed that clinical competency was in moderate level. It was significant relationship between clinical competency and sex, the college in which they have graduated while there are any significant relationship between clinical ward. Conclusions: The program in order to enhancing clinical competency should be done for new nurses to figuring out good quality of delivery nursing care. Also, it's needed to assess periodically clinical competency in nurses with any working year and wards. Applying retraining program systematically and according to nurses' needs can improve nurses' clinical competency and clinical practices.