Carnivores are often sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation, both of which are widespread in Madagascar. Clearing of forests has led to a dramatic increase in highly disturbed, open vegetation communities dominated by humans. In Madagascar's increasingly disturbed landscape, long-term persistence of native carnivores may be tied to their ability to occupy or traverse these disturbed areas. However, how Malagasy carnivores are distributed in this landscape and how they interact with humans are unknown, as past research has concentrated on populations within continuous and fragmented forests. We investigated local ecological knowledge of carnivores using semi-structured interviews in communities 0 to 20 km from the western edge of continuous rainforest in central-southeastern Madagascar. Responses from 182 interviews in 17 different communities indicated distinct distribution patterns for two native and two exotic carnivore species, suggesting a range of tolerances to the human-dominated landscape. The largest extant native carnivore, the fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, does not persist in much of this landscape; they were only observed in communities < 5 km from the continuous forest within the last five years. In contrast, the ring-tailed mongoose Galidia elegans was observed by most communities (82%), but was observed by a higher proportion of interviewees from communities in close proximity to continuous forest. The exotic small Indian civet Viverricula indica was ubiquitous, while the exotic/feral cat (Felis sp.) was observed by a higher proportion of interviewees in communities farther from continuous forest. Over 20% of interviewees had experienced loss of poultry to wild carnivores in the last year and negative perceptions of carnivores were common. We found the human-dominated landscape to provide little conservation value to native carnivores, emphasizing the need for adequate protected areas and increased engagement of local communities to sustain Madagascar's carnivore species. This information is critical to multitaxon conservation planning in Madagascar.Some carnivores, however, are able to sustain populations in highly disturbed, human-dominated landscapes (Gehrt, Riley & Cypher, 2010;Athreya et al., 2013). These areas may hold greater carnivore conservation value than previously thought, but the capacity for human-dominated landscapes to sustain carnivore populations is likely highly variable and dependent on the types of interactions between carnivores and people. Sustaining carnivore populations is important because of their considerable influence on ecosystems (Letnic et al., 2009;Terborgh & Estes, 2010), making them an integral part of conservation planning. As such, bs_bs_banner Animal Conservation. Print ISSN 1367-9430 Animal Conservation 18 (2015) 82-91
The objective of this study is to reveal the existence of a difference in the functional properties of cocoa bean powders of the two varieties Mercedes and Theobroma cacao from two major cocoa producing areas of Côte d'Ivoire. For industrial use, the functional properties were determined using standard methods. It appears from this study that no significant difference was observed at the 5 % threshold (P≥0.05) in the mean apparent densities of the cocoa powders studied. The bulk density was 0.59±0.01 g/mL for the Abengourou's Mercedes variety and 0.63±0.01 g/mL for Abengourou's Theobroma cacao. On the other hand, a significant difference at the threshold of 5 % (P≤0.05) was observed in the averages of water absorption capacity, water solubility index and porosity of cocoa powders in the regions studied. The water absorption capacity is 213.29±0.68 % for Abengourou's Mercedes and 279.25±3.12 % for Divo's Mercedes. The water solubility index is 34.39±0.65 % for Abengourou's Mercedes and 41.15±0.65 % for Divo's Mercedes; the porosity is 22.58±0.9 % for Abengourou's Mercedes and 31.72±1.16 % for Divo's Theobroma cacao. The functional properties of the beans of the Mercedes and Theobroma cacao varieties analyzed and the statistical values allowed us to see that there is no significant variation from one region to another and from one variety to other both within the same region and outside the region. Research should, in addition to high productivity, be directed towards strengthening the rates of functional parameters.
Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 4,93 ±0,01 d 5,24 ±0,01 c Cendres (%) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 2,06 ± 0,02 b 2,36 ± 0,22 ab Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 2,95 ± 0,09 a 2,97 ± 0,48 a Matières Grasses (%) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 42,29 ± 1,93 bc 40,49 ± 0,82 c Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 50,31 ± 2,9 a 46,94 ± 1,63 ab Protéines (%) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 10,05 ± 0,07 a 9,66 ± 0,03 a Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 10,60 ± 0,63 a 10,44 ± 1,12 a Fibres (%) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 38,00 ± 2,00 a 30,00 ± 2,64 c Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 37,79 ± 1,75 ab 32,58 ± 0,88 bc Glucides (%) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 38,67 ± 0,5 a 40,97± 0,78 a Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 30,12 ± 2,01 c 33,53 ± 2,08 b Energie (Kcal/100g) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 578,51 ± 1,24 c 568,84 ± 0,81 d Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 623,23 ± 1,94 a 604,04 ± 1,87 b Pour chaque composant, sur les lignes et colonnes, les moyennes ± écart types affectées, de lettres différentes sont significativement différentes entre elle au seuil de p ≤ 0,05 selon le test de Duncan Composition Minérale: La composition en minéraux des fèves des variétés "Mercedes" et "Théobroma cacao" des régions du lôh-djiboua (Divo) et de l'indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) a été étudiée et présentée dans les Tableaux II. Au vue du tableau II, les minéraux des fèves des régions du lôh-djiboua (Divo) et de l'indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) étudiés ont été regroupés en macroéléments et en microéléments. Les macroéléments sont le magnésium (Mg), le sodium (Na), le potassium (K) et le calcium (Ca) et les microéléments sont le fer (Fe), le cuivre (Cu), le manganèse (Mn), le zinc (Zn). Une différence significative au seuil de 5% (P≤0,05) a été observée au niveau des moyennes des minéraux des amandes de fèves de cacao. Tableau II:-Composition en minéraux des fèves des variétés "Mercedes" et "Théobroma cacao" des régions du lôh-djiboua (Divo) et de l'indénié-djuablin (Abengourou). Paramètres Régions Variétés/Composition "Mercedes" "Théobroma cacao" MACROELEMENTS Mg (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 3277,86 ± 2,90 b 2410,34 ± 0,98 d Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 2593,41 ± 3,90 c 4093,26 ± 0,41 a Na (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 352,57 ± 3,06 d 417,87 ± 1,44 c Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 1189,15 ± 0,27 b 4056,73 ± 1,22 a K (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 7291,26 ± 2,76 b 6426,60 ± 1,09 d Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 6718,10 ± 3,16 c 7569,97 ± 1,51 a Ca (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 1045,77 ± 1,61 a 767,01 ± 1,99 b Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 396,58 ± 0,70 d 439,82 ± 1,85 c MICROELEMENTS Fe (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 169,71 ± 1,03b 179,9 ± 0,70 a Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 150,42 ± 1,40 c 140,69 ± 1,30 d Cu (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 22,15 ± 0,89 c 26,34 ± 0,15 a Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 21,75 ± 0,24 c 24,48 ± 1,54 b Mn (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 36,65 ± 0,64 b 52,85 ± 1,36 a Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 35,95 ± 0,54 b 20,23 ± 0,56 c Zn (mg/kg) Lôh-djiboua (Divo) 13,07 ± 0,59 c 2,28 ± 0,48 d Indénié-djuablin (Abengourou) 21,57 ± 1,09 a 19,04 ± 0,43 b Pour chaque composant, sur les lignes et colonnes, les moyennes ± écart types affectées, de ...
The nutritional survey on the snail Limicolaria flammea (Müller, 1774) integrated several aspects and made it possible to understand in particular socio-demographic characteristics of populations surveyed, the knowledge of the snail Limicolaria flammea (according to municipalities visited), vernacular names, consumption parameters, associated uses and the conservation of the meat of this snail. It appears that 55.33% of respondents are women and 44.67% are men. The most important age group is between 20-34 years old. In this age group, 50.12% of people say they consume the snail Limicolaria flammea. Ethnic groups, Akan (55.73%), Krou (35.21%), Mande (6.26%), and foreigners (2.8%) are thus represented in this study and have expressed their opinions on the knowledge and consumption of this animal species. Vernacular names (23 vernacular names) are quite different from each other according to ethnic groups. Consumption parameters showed that the flesh of snail is used for food (65.65%). Also, the shell of snail is used for medical (29.25%), and aesthetic (8.95%). Diseases treated are pain (20.46%) and rheumatism (6.90%). Investigations have shown that 61.70% of consumers keep the snail's flesh fresh, 38.30% of them smoked. The storage time most observed by consumers (65.40%) is 1 to 4 days.
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