the literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is vast and spans numerous disciplines. However, few attempts have been made to study the specificities of industrial sectors when attempting to develop and implement CSR principles. Yet, given the distinctive characteristics of individual sectors, the requirements for CSR could vary significantly from sector to sector. In addition, the conceptual, moral and practical foundations for CSR are often poorly specified and range from pragmatic calculations designed to maintain profitability in the long term (Hamann 2003) This special issue of GMI will be accompanied by a further volume (GMI 53) also addressing the extractive industries. In these two special issues we attempt to provide a sharper focus to the study and implementation of CSR: by examining its application to a specific sector, the extractive industries; by focusing on one key dimension of corporate behaviour, environmental performance; and by identifying and examining a number of distinct foundations for CSR. In this issue we focus on values and principles related to CSR in the extractive industries. GMI 53 addresses reporting and performance measurement issues relating to CSR. This article provides an introduction to and a framework for the two issues. We identify certain key characteristics of extractive industries, situate environmental factors within the larger context of CSR and argue that for extractive industries ecological factors are often a primary concern that can be the most effective entry point for CSR implementation. We also identify four distinct foundations for CSR: human rights, principles of sustainability, economic and operational efficiency and the social licence to operate.The papers included in these two issues collectively allow us to understand the dynamics of CSR in a specific sector where its relevance and the challenges facing it are particularly clear. The authors suggest a number of distinct 'CSR lenses' that can be employed to really give substance to the concept, allow us to get a fine-grained and refined understanding of what CSR involves, how we can understand it, how we can assess it and how we can start to evaluate the performance of companies saleem h. ali and ciaran o'faircheallaigh 6GMI 52 more rigorously. The contributions also recognise that measuring performance of CSR has been a problematic issue and many of the approaches to date have been superficial (for example, counting references to relevant terms in annual reports, analysing what companies say they are doing rather than what is actually happening 'on the ground'). A further strength of the 'foundations of CSR' approach that we offer in this article is that it allows us to start identifying some more substantial criteria and measures for gauging corporate performance.

This study contributes to explore local responses to deal with the impacts of climate change on agriculture sector by looking the case of Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan's agriculture is facing severe challenges due to the negative consequences of climate change. In this study, we investigate (a) What are the different initiatives taken at planned and autonomous level in Punjab province? (b) What are the drivers behind these initiatives? (c) How these initiatives are being transferred within farmer's community in Punjab and outside Punjab? and (d) What are the challenges for these farmers in adaptation to climate change and governance hurdles in the province? The government has launched massive level awareness campaign in the province. Other important initiatives are institutional capacity enhancement, promotion of climate change research, establishment of linkage with academics, enhancement of capacity building, and involvement of farmers' community in climate adaptation for agriculture sectors. The autonomous adaptation initiatives include changing planting dates, changing crops types, changing fertilizers, and planting shade trees. Planned level adaptation is primarily driven by coordination among the respective departments, engagement with academics, and availability of financial resources. Autonomous initiatives of the province are mainly driven by the previous experiences of farmers, sustainability in agriculture production, and knowledge sharing.

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Abstract:We have used the data from the COBE satellite to search for delayed microwave emission (31 -90 GHz) from Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs). The large 7 • beam of COBE is well matched to the large positional uncertainties in the GRB locations, although it also means that fluxes from (point source) GRB objects will be diluted. In view of this we are doing a statistical search of the GRBs which occurred during the currently released COBE DMR data (years 1990 and 1991), which overlap ∼ 200 GRBs recorded by GRO. Here we concentrate on just the top 10 GRBs (in peak counts/second). We obtain the limits on the emission by comparing the COBE fluxes before and after the GRB at the GRB location. Since it is thought that the microwave emission should lag the GRB event, we have searched the GRB position for emission in the few months following the GRB occurrence.