Shear wave elastosonography (SWE) is a non-invasive ultrasound (US) imaging modality used to assess the mechanical properties of tissues such as rigidity and elasticity. 1 This technique allows the evaluation of the degree of fibrosis caused by parenchymal alterations in several organs such as liver, kidney, muscle, thyroid and breast. 2-8 As a semi-quantitative elastographic technique, SWE compares the elasticity and stiffness of target tissues with nearby normal ones. 9 As described by Aigner et al, the use of SWE for the evaluation of testicular tissues is a new concept with high sensitivity rate

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Aim: Bladder cancer is the second most common urological malignancy after prostate cancer. Increase in the post-void residual (PVR) volume may result in an increase in the risk of cancer recurrence. Methods: Patient demographic data, tumor stage and grade, PVR volume and 2 years follow-up data for recurrence were obtained and evaluated. Results: One-hundred-and-nineteen patients were subdivided into three groups according to PVR urine volume. The increase of PVR volume was related to short recurrence-free survival (RFS) especially for patients with PVR volume of 60 ml or more. Conclusion: Low PVR volume in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer may play a role in reducing cancer recurrence. However further research is needed in this field.

Background Spontaneous idiopathic testicular hemorrhage is an extremely rare entity with few published reports in the literature. Case presentation We report a case of a 15-year-old boy who had been experiencing intense, left scrotal pain for the previous twelve hours. No previous history of trauma or bleeding disorders. The left testis was enlarged and tender. Left orchiectomy was performed. The entire testis was dusty and dark grossly. Microscopic sections show diffuse intratesticular bleeding with intact seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis. Conclusions Spontaneous idiopathic testicular hemorrhage should be considered when evaluating patients with acute scrotal pain. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings and histopathologic evaluation are mandatory to diagnose it.

Introduction Leydig cell hyperplasia or tumor represents less than 3% of all testicular tumors. It can be defined as an increase in the size and number of Leydig cell within the testicles. These cells are responsible for the production of testosterone in human males. Case presentation Our patient is a forty-eight-year-old male presented with erectile dysfunction and decreased libido for the past six months. Ultrasound of the scrotum show bilateral hypoechoic testicular masses larger on the left size thus left orchidectomy was performed. Histopathology confirmed our diagnosis. Discussion Leydig cell hyperplasia (LCH) is a rare and mostly benign entity that affects both children and adults. In adults, it might be associated with variety of condition including Klinefelter's syndrome, exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) therapy, and many others but it mostly occurs idiopathically. Scrotal ultrasound and tumor markers can be used to diagnose most of the patients with LCH. Conclusion LCH should be differentiated from Leydig cell tumor to avoid unnecessary and sometimes harmful intervention in the future.