The effects of zero-trans chemically interesterified (in-es) and non-interesterified (non-in-es) cottonseed (CO), hazelnut (HO) and olive oil (OO) and their blends (25, 50 and 75%) with palm oil (PO) were studied in the production of cookies. All the experimental shortenings had zero-trans fatty acids (TFA) while the shortening contained 14.20% TFA. Incorporation of CO in PO considerably increased the linoleic acid content whereas the raising of HO and OO ratio in the blend increased the oleic acid content. Zero-TFA and lower saturated /unsaturated fatty acid ratio (SFA/UFA) of some of the experimental shortenings indicated an important in nutritional properties of cookies produced from these experimental shortenings. Cookies with in-es shortenings showed significantly higher (p<0.05) spread ratios and L Hunter color than their non-in-es shortenings added counterparts. It can be concluded that chemical interesterification is a promising method to produce cookie shortenings with zero-TFA.

Tea with different parts (flower, leaf, seed) of Sideritis condensate infused at different temperatures (60 and 100°C) and times (5, 10 and 30 minutes) were assessed for their phenolic composition and antioxidant activities. Leaf tea had the highest total phenolic content where as seed tea had the lowest.Leaves soaked at 100°C for 10 minutes had the highest total phenolic content. Total phenolic content of flower tea increased with increase in extraction temperature and time. Radical scavenging activities of leaves infused at 60°C for 5, 10 and 30 minutes were statistically in the same group but lower than those of leaves soaked at 100°C for 5, 10 and 30 min. The major phenolic compound identified from almost all aqueous infusions was the p-coumaric acid. The conditions of tea prepared from leaves of the Sideritis condensata at 100°C for 5, 10 and 30 minutes are the most appropriate conditions in regard to extraction of the highest total phenolics and the strongest antioxidant activity.

Carbon dots emerged recently as a luminescent nanoparticles have received considerable attention. Carbon dots, which can be synthesized by different methods, have many application areas such as biosensor, bioimaging etc. In this study, carbon dots were extracted from a sugar beet molasses without using any other synthesis methods. Extracted carbon dots gave strong blue fluorescence under UV light. The characterization of carbon dots was performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Optic properties were determined by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Carbon dots were used as tool of biosensor in detection of riboflavin and tetracycline analyses. In riboflavin detection, fluorescence resonance energy (FRET) from carbon dots transferred to riboflavin and linear correlation was obtained between FRET efficiency and riboflavin concentration (R2=0.9904). Tetracycline decreased the fluorescence of carbon dots. There was a linear correlation between fluorescence decrease and tetracycline concentration (R2=0.9952). Extracted carbon dots can successfully be used in the determination of riboflavin and tetracycline.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, which is located at the intersections of the nerve and muscles in the lymph nodes of the internal organs motor systems and in various parts of the central nervous system. A decrease of acetylcholine in brain is associated with Alzheimer‘s disease. That is why it is an important agent for this disease. In this study, a bienzymatic biosensor system with acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase was prepared with carbon paste electrode modified with carbon nano Dot‐(3‐Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (CDs‐APTES) for determination of the amount of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase enzymes were immobilized onto a modified carbon paste electrode by cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde. Determination of acetylcholine was carried out by the oxidation of enzymatically produced H2O2 at 0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. The effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on the acetylcholine response of the prepared biosensor was investigated. In addition, the optimum CDs‐APTES amount, the linear operating range of the biosensor, and the interference effect were also investigated.

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