We use Process Net‐Maps to visualize the irregular migration patterns of refugees and identify influential actors/factors shaping their decisions. A qualitative case study was used that included 87 Afghan and Syrian refugees (52 individual in‐depth interviews and 35 participants in five focus group discussions) residing in Stuttgart, Germany. Results show a typical pattern for respondents to first migrate to a neighboring country, and then a mixture of decisive factors induce them to migrate onward. The perspective of refugees in the destination country covers the migration processes between transit and destination countries which is vital information for the stakeholders in international migration management, and policy developments on asylum migration, integration and repatriation.

Islamic rural microfinance represents the confluence of three rapidly growing activities: microfinance, Islamic finance and agricultural development. It has the potential to not only respond to unmet demand but also to combine the Islamic social principle of caring for the less fortunate with microfinance's power to provide financial access to the poor people involved in rural farming. This paper aims to analyze the governmental agricultural microfinance based on the Islamic principle of Murabaha, using the rural area of Hama government, Syria as case study. The qualitative approach and collected data from the microloan provider was used in this research. The main results show the success of this type of agricultural microcredit to develop the livestock production and its high likelihood of sustainability because it does not conflict with religious and social considerations of the targeted group as well as the high repayment, and it uses the participatory approach of the target group. It could play a very important role regarding the empowerment of rural women by establishing their own projects, owning shares in the village fund, obtaining annual profits, and household investment which can help to improve their family's living conditions. The risks to this type of agricultural microfinancing includes agricultural sector exposure to natural, productive, price and institutional risks.

No abstract

Agriculture played and continues to play an important role in the Syrian economy, both in terms of the gross domestic product and employment. The consequences of the seventh-year crisis continue to affect the agricultural sector. The lack of inputs and high prices, coupled with the difficulty of harvesting and marketing crops, are among the most important agricultural issues that resulted from the crisis. Before the crisis, the agricultural sector suffered from many problems resulting from the government's neglect of it, represented by the weakness of governmental investments in agriculture, in addition, the complex administrative problems of management and organization, which led to a decline in productivity and efficiency. After the outbreak of the crisis, a large number of people were forced to leave the rural areas, which led to a very significant deterioration in agriculture and production. Syria has imported most types of important crops, such as wheat, from abroad to cover the needs of the local market, and this will be discussed in detail in this article. Therefore, this article shows the need for serious efforts to restore the agricultural sector which is the most important element in the Syrian economy and sustainable food and nutrition security for the urban and rural areas. Even though the crisis is not over, the conditions for investing in the recovery of the sector are present in many areas of the country. Such investment will not only reduce the need for humanitarian assistance but will also reduce migration and encourage the return of migrants.