This study presents an outline of the 12 principles of green relevance in nanomaterial synthesis. The goal of using green renewable resources is to protect the environment from negative effects, which can be achieved via several main directions, including the choice of innocuous solvents, such as supercritical (SC) fluids or water, and/or additives (i.e. stabilizers, capping, and reducing agents) such as polysaccharides, using alternative reaction circumstances, and the development of energy-efficient synthetic methods. This review shows how different green renewable resources routes are reducing the impact of chemical processes on the environment and how their benefit can be achieved in nanotechnology applications such as green energy.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively used in various industries; however, this is accompanied by several implications to humans and the environment. This review focuses on different aspects of AgNPs including the production and detection techniques, their fate, and dynamics in response to different environmental factors. In addition, this review illustrates the toxicity mechanism and the interaction of AgNPs with different matrices, such as aquatic environment, soil, crops, and humans. Reduction measures and future research are discussed.

The aim of this study was to increase both the rates of dissolution and bioavailability of the amlodipine (Amlo) drug. Due to the low cost, high solubility, and amorphous state, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has been used as a drug carrier in the solid dispersion process. Through applying an irradiation technique, powder of (PVP) is irradiated with six 0–50 kGy irradiation doses. The six irradiated (PVP) samples were characterized using gel permeation chromatography, electron spin resonance, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The formulation of six (PVP/Amlo) samples at a ratio of 2:1 wt/wt were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. In vitro dissolution of (Amlo) drug was assessed in a water solvent at pH 1.2 and pH 7. Results demonstrated that there is a change in the physicochemical properties of irradiated (PVP). FT-IR confirmed that there is an intermolecular H bond between the (Amlo) drug and (PVP) polymer. XRD confirmed that (PVP) changes the crystalline (Amlo) to amorphous amlodipine. Irradiated (PVP) at a dose of 20 kGy released approximately 89% from 40 mg of (Amlo) in 60 s. The in vitro rate of amlodipine dissolution depends on the drug–polymer intermolecular H bond. The rate of (Amlo) dissolution is increased due to the drug–drug intramolecular hydrogen bonding replaced with the drug–polymer intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which reduces the crystal packing. Irradiated (PVP) improved the rate of (Amlo) dissolution compared to unirradiated (PVP).

This review’s objectives are to provide an overview of the various kinds of biopolymer hydrogels that are currently used for bone tissue and periodontal tissue regeneration, to list the advantages and disadvantages of using them, to assess how well they might be used for nanoscale fabrication and biofunctionalization, and to describe their production processes and processes for functionalization with active biomolecules. They are applied in conjunction with other materials (such as microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs)) and other novel techniques to replicate physiological bone generation more faithfully. Enhancing the biocompatibility of hydrogels created from blends of natural and synthetic biopolymers can result in the creation of the best scaffold match to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for bone and periodontal tissue regeneration. Additionally, adding various nanoparticles can increase the scaffold hydrogel stability and provide a number of biological effects. In this review, the research study of polysaccharide hydrogel as a scaffold will be critical in creating valuable materials for effective bone tissue regeneration, with a future impact predicted in repairing bone defects.

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