Thermal buckling analysis of symmetric and antisymmetric laminated composite plates with clamped and simply supported edges, and containing a hole is presented in this paper. The first-order shear deformation theory in conjunction with the variational energy method is employed in mathematical formulation. The eight-node Lagrangian finite element technique is used to find thermal buckling temperatures of isotropic, glass-epoxy and boron-epoxy laminates. The effects of hole size, angle of ply orientation, lay-up sequences, and boundary conditions on thermal buckling temperatures are investigated. The result is shown in graphical forms for various boundary conditions.

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In this study, thermal buckling behaviors of the composite square plates consisting of antisymmetric four laminates with angle crack are examined. Finite element method is used for the solution. First critical buckling loads of an orthotropic plate without crack subjected to unidirectional compression are found. Constraint conditions have been taken two edge clamped and the other edges are free. The thickness of plate is 2mm (each layer has 0.5mm thickness). Thermal buckling behaviors of this plate are examined and critical temperatures are determined. Values have been given in the graphs and discussions are presented in the conclusion.

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In four-dimensional axion electrodynamics, a Chern-Simons coupling of the form θF ∧ F leads to a higher-group global symmetry between background gauge fields. At the same time, such a Chern-Simons coupling leads to a mixing between the Weak Gravity Conjectures for the axion and the gauge field, so that the charged excitations of a Weak Gravity Conjecture-satisfying axion string will also satisfy the Weak Gravity Conjecture for the gauge field. In this paper, we argue that these higher-group symmetries and this phenomenon of Weak Gravity Conjecture mixing are related to one another. We show that this relationship extends to supergravities in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 dimensions, so higher-dimensional supergravity is endowed with precisely the structure needed to ensure consistency with emergent higher-group symmetries and with the Weak Gravity Conjecture. We further argue that a similar mixing of Weak Gravity Conjectures can occur in two-term Chern-Simons theories or in theories with kinetic mixing, though the connection with higher-group symmetries here is more tenuous, and accordingly the constraints on effective field theory are not as sharp.