The majority of world's population-live in areas at risk of malaria transmission. Malaria is a serious Anopheles-borne disease that causes symptoms like the flu, as a high fever, chills, and muscle pain also, anemia, bloody stools, coma, convulsion, fever, headache, jaundice, nausea, sweating and vomiting. Symptoms tend to come and go in cycles. Apart from Anopheles vector, malaria could be transmitted nosocomial, blood transfusion or needle-stick injury Some types of malaria may cause more serious damage problems to heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain. These types can be deadly. The primary factors contributing to the resurgence of malaria are the appearance of drug-resistant strains of the parasite, the spread of insecticideresistant strains of the mosquito and the lack of licensed malaria vaccines of proven efficacy. In rare cases, people can get malaria if they come into contact with infected blood as in blood transfusion or needle-stick injury also nosocomial and congenital malaria was reported. This is a mini-review of malaria with information on the lethal to humans, Plasmodium falciparum, together with other recent developments in the field.

Babesiosis is a tick-borne malaria-like illness caused by species of the intra-erythrocytic protozoan Babesia. Humans are opportunistic hosts for Babesia when bitten by nymph or adult ticks. Currently, Babesia infection is transmitted by various tick vectors in Europe, Asia, Africa and the northwestern and northeastern United States. Human babesiosis was first described in 1957 but is now known to have worldwide distribution. The increase in reported cases is likely due to increases in actual incidence as well as increased awareness of the disease. Despite the diagnostic and preventive advances resulting from extensive research and a greater understanding of the disease, babesiosis continues to have significant medical impact as a confounding variable in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease and as a potential threat to the blood supply, especially in the United States. Diagnostic advances, like the development of PCR assays, have resulted in increased sensitivity for detection as well as the discovery and characterization of new babesial species. Further studies using the molecular tools now available and those to be developed will lead to a better understanding of the natural history of these organisms, including the transmission cycle and the potential role of Babesia parasites themselves as immunomodulator. Human babesiosis is usually an asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals. Several patients become symptomatic, and, within these subpopulations, significant morbidity and mortality occur, especially in elderly, immunocompromised, or asplenic patients. It is difficult to diagnose. Although the index of suspicion should be high in rural Babesia endemic areas, patients with babesiosis have few, if any, localizing signs to suggest the disease. Diagnosis confirmation depends on the parasitemia degree, the expertise and well trained laboratory personnel. Most patients infected by B microti who are otherwise healthy appear to have a mild illness and typically recover without specific chemotherapy; however, treatment is recommended for all diagnosed cases to prevent sequelae and potential transmission through blood donation. In addition, patients should be advised to take precautions against tick exposure and to refrain from donating blood until completely cured of babesiosis.

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Background: Emergency department is an integral unit in a hospital because it serve large number of people so triage is needed to decrease overcrowding of Emergency department. Triage is defined as the process of sorting a group of patient in a hospital. The study aimed toassess emergency staff nurses' knowledge and performance regarding triage. Design: A comparative descriptive design was used in carrying out the study. Setting: Emergency departments of Ain Shams University Specialized Hospital affiliated to university hospitals and Naser institute hospital affiliated to Ministry of health and population (MOHP). Subjects: 36 nurses from Ain shams university specialized hospital who worked in emergency department and 30 nurse from Naser institute hospital who worked in emergency department. Tool: the data collection forms consisted of observational checklist to assess performance of nurses regarding triage and questionnaire to assess knowledge of nurses regarding triage. Results: the results showed that above half of the studied nurse had unsatisfactory knowledge regarding triage and more than three quarter of them had inadequate performance regarding triage. Conclusion: the studied nurse had unsatisfactory knowledge and inadequate performance regarding triage. Recommendation: developed triage nurse roles and triage process in the curriculum of nursing schools, nursing institutes and faculties of nursing, development of standards, specifications and qualifications of triage nurse by the Ministry of Health and population, developed training programs to all emergency health team personnel to determine the triage nurse qualifications, role, and how to use triage process, developed the protocols and policies of emergency department to facilitate the triage system and triage nurse work.