Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is a potent and distortionless scheme frequently used to lower the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) levels in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling. Although this method effectively reduces the PAPR, its main limitation is the exponential growth in the computational expense caused by the exhaustive search for the optimal complex of rotation factors. This work proposes a suboptimal PTS scheme based on an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The latter exploits heuristics to find the best-matched weighting factors complex in fewer computations. A comparison against existing techniques ascertains the superior efficiency of the proposed scheme in terms of PAPR mitigation and computational burden.
A printed U-shaped coplanar waveguide fed (CPW) ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is designed, fabricated, and measured in this paper for ground penetrating (GPR) applications. To enhance the working bandwidth, a set of cutoffs was introduced in different parts of the antenna. The antenna was printed on the FR4-epoxy substrate in a compact size of 0.252λ0×0.3λ0×0.015λ0 at 3 GHz. The calculated results were validated by realizing and measuring a prototype. Experimental demonstrations were done with the R& S®ZNB Vector Network Analyzer, which indicates that the antenna's working bandwidth extends from 3.09 GHz to 11.07 GHz (112.71%). Additionally, the antenna's radiation patterns were measured in an isolated anechoic chamber, which shows that the proposed antenna has omni-directional radiation patterns. Moreover, acceptable gain antenna values ranging between 1.74 and 7.04 dBi and high values of radiation efficiency of more than 80% were achieved over the whole working bandwidth. Besides, the antenna presents a stable group delay with a linear phase of S21 through the UWB frequency band. To prove the efficiency of the fabricated antenna for GPR applications, the operation of the antenna was experimentally tested in a sandy soil box. The obtained results show that the proposed antenna could be a good candidate for GPR applications.
Аннотация. Работа посвящена преодолению недостатка, связанного с величиной отношения пикового уровня мощности сигнала к среднему PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio), возникающего при нескольких несущих в банке фильтров FBMC (Filter-Bank Multi-Carriers) с квадратурной амплитудной модуляцией со сдвигом OQAM (Offset-QAM) в системах FBMC-OQAM, которые являются кандидатом при формировании формы сигнала для беспроводных систем связи пятого поколения. Дискретное преобразование скользящей нормы DSNT (Discrete Sliding Norm Transform) после обратного дискретного преобразования Фурье IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) предлагается на основе L 2-метрики и нормы для пяти отсчетов при каждой операции скольжения. В предлагаемом составе L 2-на-5 DSNT рассматривается использование перекрывающейся структуры FBMC-OQAM. Это существенно уменьшает величину PAPR в системах FBMC-OQAM, что гарантирует линейность характеристики усилителя большой мощности HPA (High Power Amplifier) и позволяет избежать искажения сигнала. Основные достоинства этой методики состоят в уменьшении вычислительной сложности по сравнению с известными методиками и отсутствии необходимости в какой-либо дополнительной информации SI (Side Information) на стороне приемника. Результаты моделирования показали, что методика L 2-на-5 DSNT позволяет достичь 40% уменьшения величины PAPR при CCDF = 10-3 по сравнению с исходной системой FBMC-OQAM. Ключевые слова: FBMC; банк фильтров с несколькими несущими; OQAM; квадратурная амплитудная модуляция со сдвигом; PAPR; отношение пикового уровня мощности сигнала к среднему; DSNT; дискретное преобразование скользящей нормы; MCM; модуляция на нескольких несущих; система пятого поколения; 5G
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