The photoreactivity of chlorothalonil was studied by means of steady-state irradiation and laser-flash photolysis. Experiments were conducted in water containing acetonitrile as a co-solvent. This fungicide undergoes very slow phototransformation in the first stages of the reaction, but the consumption profile is auto-accelerated. To understand the reaction mechanism, we undertook a detailed study of the rates, products and transient species. The rates and photoproduct distribution vary greatly with the oxygen concentration. Concerning the transient species, we measured the absorption of the triplet, its yield of formation, and its reactivity with oxygen in various water-acetonitrile mixtures and with isopropanol. The reduced radical, CTH˙, could be produced and its transient spectrum was recorded. Combining all the experimental data, it is hypothesized that in the first step of the reaction CT is excited to the triplet state. The triplet has several possible fates including reduction by organic constituents to form the radical which gives photoproducts. Another characteristic of the CT triplet is its capacity to generate singlet oxygen. The production of this species was measured by phosphorescence and compared to the percentage of the triplet trapped by oxygen in air-saturated solutions. The yield varies from 0.88 in pure acetonitrile to 0.48 in water-acetonitrile (95 : 5, v/v). Therefore, in surface waters, chlorothalonil is expected to sensitize the photooxidation of micropollutants, and to be competitively phototransformed through reaction with any H donor or electron donor water constituents.

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Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze early relapse in multiple myeloma (MM) in real life and to evaluate its impact on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Methods: Two groups of patients were identified according to the date of occurrence of relapse after autologous transplantation, within less than 24 months, defining early relapse (G1), or after more than 24 months, defining late relapse (G2). Results: A total of 307 patients with MM were enrolled, including 93 patients (30%) who had experienced relapse. There were 56 early relapses (18%) and 37 late relapses (12%). In G1 the median follow-up was 19.5 months (3-93), as compared to59 months (24-117) in G2. The median of PFS was 18 months (14.8-21.14) in G1 and was not attained in G2 (p=0.0001). The median of OS was 29 months (18.2-39.7) in G1 and was not attained in G2 (p=0.0001). In a univariate analysis, age>60 years (p=0.003), performance status>1 (p=0.036), LDH>normal (p=0.002), ISS III (p=0.0002) and an absence of maintenance therapy (p=0.002) were found to be predictive factors for early relapse. In a multivariate analysis, only a delay from the initiation of treatment to ASCT of>12 months (p=0.02) and an absence of maintenance therapy (p=0.002) were predictive of early relapse. Conclusion: The predictive factors identified here should allow us to adapt the therapeutic strategy.