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This study explores the significance of the family factors on drug use and its effects on relapse. In this respect, the effects of parental substance use, family conflict, and family structure are discussed in this research. The family, as a fundamental social unit of society, can be expected to exert remarkable influences on the development of social behaviors such as adolescent substance use and also relapse (Rouholamini, 2002). Since nearly 90% of drug abusers in Iran live with a family member (Mokri, 2002), therefore family has an important role to reduce the high rates of relapse after detoxification. Therefore, this study considers three factors: Parental substance use, Family Conflict, and Family Structure. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of family factors (Parental substance use, Family Conflict, and Family Structure) on relapse behavior among male adolescent opiate users in Kerman.In this research 226 adolescents between the ages of 13 to 20 were selected based on ten rehabilitation centers to answer the Self-administered questionnaire. Results showed that there were important relationships between these factors with relapse in adolescents. The study proposes some suggestions in order to prevent relapse after treatment in adolescents.

In this study, the relationship between family factors (family cohesion and family adaptability) and cigarette smoking behaviour was investigated. The other objective of this research was exploring the moderating impact of self-efficacy on the link of family cohesion and family adaptability with cigarette smoking behaviour among Iranian youngsters in the city of Kerman. Following cluster sampling method, the data was collected from current cigarette smoking adolescents (n = 300) from 22 high schools across Kerman using self-administered questionnaires.The Structural Equation Model was used to assess the relationship between family cohesion and family adaptability and cigarette smoking behaviour in adolescents. Also, the advanced multiple group system of Structural Equation Modelling analysis using AMOS was used to evaluate the moderating impact of self-efficacy. The findings indicated a significant negative link existed between family cohesion, family adaptability and cigarette smoking behaviour. The findings were also indicative of the existence of significant moderating function of self-efficacy regarding the effect of family adaptability and family cohesion on cigarette smoking behaviour amongst youngsters. The results contribute to the body of knowledge by introducing readers to the important roles of family environment and self-efficacy in preventing the adolescents from exhibiting cigarette smoking behaviour amongst youngsters.

This paper examines the relationship between the environmental factors of peer pressure and family smoking (parents' smoking and siblings' smoking), and adolescent cigarette smoking habits in Kerman (as a big province in Iran). In addition, in terms of the afore-mentioned behavior, the moderating role of self-efficacy on the link of peer pressure and family smoking is studied. A quantitative research method was used for this purpose. The sample included 300 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 as current smokers. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data which were then analyzed using AMOS Software and running Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).The results showed positive significant relationship between peer pressure plus family smoking (parents' smoking and siblings' smoking), and adolescent cigarette smoking. The relevant findings and results revealed that self-efficacy has a considerable moderating effect on the relationship between cigarette smoking behavior, and peer pressure and family smoking. The results of the present study can contribute to the literature and have significant implications for practitioners and policy makers to prevent adolescents in Iran from developing smoking habits.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness) and cigarette smoking behavior and also determine the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between personality traits and cigarette smoking behavior among adolescents in Kerman, Iran. A quantitative research method was employed. The samples included three hundred current smoker adolescents between the ages of 15 to 18. The data was collected by means of self-administered questionnaires and then analyzed by AMOS software. The direct structural model was employed to figure out the path relationships between personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness) and cigarette smoking behavior. In addition, a multi-group analysis approach was applied to assess the moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness) and cigarette smoking behavior among adolescents. The results of testing the structural equation model showed that there were significant relationships between personality traits (neuroticism and conscientiousness) and cigarette smoking behavior whereas there was no significant relationship between personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness and openness) and cigarette smoking behavior. Also, the results related to the moderating effect of self-efficacy revealed that self-efficacy significantly moderated the effect of neuroticism on cigarette smoking behavior but did not moderate the relationship of other personality traits i.e. extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness with and cigarette smoking behavior. At the end, this study recommends some solutions in order to prevent cigarette smoking behavior among adolescents.