A revival of the hijab and an embrace of sport among young Muslim women around the world has created a contested space: their heads. Women, negotiating the rules of their teams and leagues, along with their own religious devotion, must make choices about participating—and dressing—for athletics.

1. Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation was polymorphic in 102 Saudi arab volunteers, the population comprising one phenotypically poor metabolizer and 101 phenotypically extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine. 2. Mean urinary recoveries of drug and metabolite were low in Saudis (15 +/- 10% dose, mean +/- S.D.), which compared well with previously studied populations of Egyptians (16%) and Ghanaians (18%), but which were lower than those seen in a UK white population (41%). 3. Saudis, like Egyptians, were more extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine than UK whites, as judged by the metabolic ratio (% dose as debrisoquine/% dose as 4-hydroxy-debrisoquine eliminated in the urine). 4. Neither sex, urine collection period nor urinary recovery of drug and metabolite had any statistically significant effect upon the distribution of metabolic ratios in Saudis. 5. The frequency of the DL allele controlling the recessive poor metabolizer trait was 0.099 +/- 0.049 (+/- S.E.M.) in Saudis, which compared well to Egyptians (0.118 +/- 0.059) but was significantly lower than that for UK whites (0.298 +/- 0.030). 6. These findings raise questions regarding the efficacy and safety in Saudis of drugs undergoing oxidative metabolism which have been evaluated for usage in European white subjects.

Middle East Region is home to more than 400 million people, representing 5% of world population, and boasts aworkforce of 103 million scattered across 22 countries (Lord, 2016). Sixty five percent of the populations are youngaged 25 or under, which puts growing stress on educational, health and social systems. Over the last decade, mostMiddle East countries put into action many reforms for women’s rights and sensitivity toward gender issues. Currently,almost all Middle East countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination againstWomen (CEDAW). Many nations in the Region shown strong commitment to uplift education and make themaccessible to all eligible women. There was also substantial increase in the allocation of funds for education in nearlyall Middle East nations. For a balanced national development, women are needed in the various areas where theirfunctions are most suitable. In principle, there are equal opportunities for both genders but social perception andprejudice determine which types of employment are particularly suitable for women or men. Several renowned MiddleEastern women are Physicians, Chemist, Physicist, Engineers, Doctors, Judges, Lawyers, Journalist, Poets, Novelistand even Legislatives (Islam, 2017)

In most countries of the world, 40 to 50 % of students are women. However, there is greater sex imbalance in STEM fields. Indicators show that tertiary education in Arab region is high compared with gender balance in several countries; there is even imbalance in favor of women as in Saudi Arabia & Gulf States.UNESCO and World Bank statistics reveal that Arab women actively pursuing STEM fields e.g. in 2014, women comprises 59% of total students enrolled in computer Science in Saudi Arabia while UK and USA women enrolment were 16% and 14% respectively.Graduate women attempt to pursue career or postgraduate degrees are often excluded on bases of their gender and marginalized therefore much less apt to enter and remain in the job, few achieve leadership positions.In principle, there are equal opportunities for both genders in many Arab States, but social perception and prejudice determine which types of employment are particularly suitable for women or men. Removing the barriers would foster major social and economic benefits for every Arab State. Keywords: Arab region; Arab women education; science technology engineering mathematics fields IntroductionThe Arab region is home to around 400 million people, and is one of the most youthful regions in the world. The median age is 22 years compared to the global average of 28. About 60% of the Arab population is under 25 years of age. This puts great stress on educational, health and social systems throughout the region. (World Bank, 2016, Islam I, 2016 Fertility among Arab women is high at 3.17 live births for every woman, while the world average is 2.8. High fertility and high birth rate reduces Arab women's mobility and chances of gaining remunerative employment outside the home. However, there had been a remarkable decrease of such trend in Arab region in the 21st century. (World Bank 2016) Most Arab nations determine the personal status of women based on Shari'a. (Islam SI 2004, Islam SI 2016, MENA, 2017 Arab Women and EducationOver the last decade, most Arab nations have implemented reforms for women's rights and have shown increasing sensitivity toward gender issues. Currently, all Arab nations have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), although with some reservations. (Islam SI, 2004, Islam SI, 2016, MENA, 2017 It is firmly believed that without liberating women from the oppression of illiteracy, no real political, social or economic development can take place. The emphasis on education helps to produce a skilled workforce, which will help Arab nations in developing internationally competitive industries. Many nations in the Arab region have shown a strong commitment to augment educational opportunities and to make them accessible to all eligible women. It is the most powerful means for improving women's status, a potent force for social change and against population In 2015, women account for 62% of all Saudi university students, this rate is expected to increase with the opening of new c...

1. The polymorphic acetylation of sulphamethazine (sulphadimidine, sulphamezathine) has been investigated in a population of 109 Saudi male arabs of rural bedouin origin and in 126 Saudi female arabs from urban cosmopolitan areas of Jeddah. 2. Rural males excreted 5-79% of the administered dose (1 X 5 g/m2 body surface area) in the 0-12 h urine and the urban females excreted 5-97%. 3. The frequency distribution of the ratio acetyl sulphamethazine/sulphamethazine was bimodal in rural, urban and the combined populations with a clear antimode at 70% acetylation of the recovered dose. 4. The incidence of slow acetylators was 67 X 9, 59 X 5 and 63 X 4% in the rural, urban and combined populations. The incidence of the As allele in Saudi arabs was thus 0 X 80+/-0 X 03 S.E.M., which is similar to that found in the neighbouring countries, of Egypt and Sudan. Since no significant difference in As frequency was apparent between the rural (pure) and urban (cosmopolitan) arabs, it is concluded that immigrants to Saudi Arabia from other muslim countries have not affected the gene frequencies with respect to acetylation. 5. Methodology of assessing acetylation phenotype is discussed. It would appear that urine analysis alone gives satisfactory discrimination between phenotypes.