Background: Human African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trypanosomes among whichTrypanosoma brucei gambienseis responsible for a chronic form (gHAT) in West and Central Africa. Its elimination as a public health problem (EPHP) is being achieved. Côte d'Ivoire was one of the first countries to be validated by WHO in 2020 and this was particularly challenging as the country still reported around a hundred cases a year in the early 2000s. This article describes the strategies implemented including a mathematical model to evaluate the reporting results and infer progress towards sustainable elimination. Methods: The control methods used combined both exhaustive and targeted medical surveillance strategies to diagnose and treat cases as well as vector control to reduce the risk of transmission in the most at risk areas. A mechanistic model was used to estimate the number of underlying infections and the probability of elimination of transmission (EoT) between 2000-2021 in two endemic and two hypo-endemic health districts. Results: Between 2015 and 2019, nine gHAT cases were detected in two health districts in which the number of cases/10,000 inhabitants was far below 1, a necessary condition for validating the EPHP. Modelling estimated a slow but steady decline in transmission across the four health districts, bolstered in the two endemic health districts by the introduction of vector control. The decrease in underlying transmission in all health districts corresponds to a high probability that EoT has already occurred in Côte d'Ivoire. Conclusion: This success was achieved through a multi-stakeholder and multidisciplinary one health approach where research has played a major role in adapting tools and strategies to this large epidemiological transition to a very low prevalence. This integrated approach will need to continue to reach the verification of EoT in Côte d'Ivoire targeted by 2025.

Human African trypanosomiasis, caused by the gambiense subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei (gHAT), is a deadly parasitic disease transmitted by tsetse. Partners worldwide have stepped up efforts to eliminate the disease, and the Chadian government has focused on the previously high-prevalence setting of Mandoul. In this study, we evaluate the economic efficiency of the intensified strategy that was put in place in 2014 aimed at interrupting the transmission of gHAT, and we make recommendations on the best way forward based on both epidemiological projections and cost-effectiveness. In our analysis, we use a dynamic transmission model fit to epidemiological data from Mandoul to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of combinations of active screening, improved passive screening (defined as an expansion of the number of health posts capable of screening for gHAT), and vector control activities (the deployment of Tiny Targets to control the tsetse vector). For cost-effectiveness analyses, our primary outcome is disease burden, denominated in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and costs, denominated in 2020 US$. Although active and passive screening have enabled more rapid diagnosis and accessible treatment in Mandoul, the addition of vector control provided good value-for-money (at less than $750/DALY averted) which substantially increased the probability of reaching the 2030 elimination target for gHAT as set by the World Health Organization. Our transmission modelling and economic evaluation suggest that the gains that have been made could be maintained by passive screening. Our analysis speaks to comparative efficiency, and it does not take into account all possible considerations; for instance, any cessation of ongoing active screening should first consider that substantial surveillance activities will be critical to verify the elimination of transmission and to protect against the possible importation of infection from neighbouring endemic foci.

Human African trypanosomiasis, caused by the gambiense subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei (gHAT), is a deadly parasitic disease transmitted by tsetse. Partners from around the world have stepped up efforts to eliminate the disease, and the Chadian government have had a particular focus on the previously high-prevalence setting of Mandoul. In this study, we evaluate the economic efficiency of the intensified strategies that were put in place from 2014 aimed at interrupting transmission of gHAT, and we make recommendations on the best way forward based on both epidemiological projections and cost-effectiveness. In our analysis we use a dynamic transmission model fit to epidemiological data from Mandoul to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of combinations of active screening, improved passive screening (defined as an expansion of the number of health posts capable of screening for gHAT), and vector control activities (the deployment of Tiny Targets). For cost-effectiveness analyses, our primary outcome is disease burden, denominated in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and costs, denominated in 2020 US$. Although active and passive screening have enabled more rapid diagnosis and accessible treatment in Mandoul, the addition of vector control provided good value-for-money (at less than $750/DALY averted) and substantially increased the probability of reaching the 2030 elimination target for gHAT as set by the World Health Organization. Our transmission modelling and economic evaluations suggests that the gains have been made could be maintained by robust passive screening, and the inclusion of active screening and vector control strategies could be considered for other foci in the country with active transmission. Our analysis speaks to comparative efficiency, and it does not take into account all possible considerations; for instance, any cessation of on-going active screening should first consider that strong surveillance activities will be critical to verify elimination of transmission and to protect against the possible importation of infection from neighbouring endemic foci.