Using ethical considerations in strategic decision making will result in the development of the most effective long term and short term strategies. Specifically, ethical criteria must be included as part of the strategic process in before‐profit decisions rather than after‐profit decisions in order to maximize corporate profits and improve strategy development and implementation. This paper presents a system of decision making to achieve this integration which uses an “interest assessment” that involves the analysis of the ethical, social and legal obligations of an organization.

The present study investigated the influence of depression on memory complaints and performance in a sample of community dwelling older adults (N = 41). Complaints were significantly more frequent in the clinically depressed subsample. However, their actual performance on tests of immediate and delayed recall did not differ significantly from the performance of nondepressed older adults. In addition, results indicated that depressives who responded favorably to a program of psychotherapy demonstrated significant reductions in levels of memory complaints at post-treatment assessment. Implications of these data for further research are discussed.

From present knowledge about changing person-environment relationships in the age span from 20 to 65 years, this article argues that interventions during young and middle adulthood for an optimum old age are both possible and desirable. An applied psychology of aging should include environmental interventions based on human-factors engineering and individual interventions based on counseling, supportive psychotherapy, and cognitive skill training. Interventions for age-related perceptual and cognitive deficits are posited, and possibilities for maximizing one's range of choices in work, health, and leisure are suggested.

Subjects were instructed to produce images to either high-imagery or low-imagery word lists. Recall over three trials indicated that hypermnesia occurred in the high-imagery condition, but that a decline in performance occurred in the low-imagery condition. Furthermore, analyses of the recall of individual items indicated that· the difference in recall occurred because there was less forgetting and more reminiscence in the high-imagery condition than in the lowimagery condition. The relationship between imagery and hypermnesia is discussed. Erdelyi and Becker (1974) demonstrated that under certain conditions, memory improves with multitrial recall (hypermnesia). Their experiment compared performance on stimulus lists comprised of either pictures or words. Subjects in the word condition showed a decrease in recall over three recall trials; however, the performance of subjects in the picture condition increased over trials.Erdelyi (Erdelyi, Finkelstein, Herrell, Miller, & Thomas, 1977) reasoned that production of visual images promoted the hypermnesia effect. Such images would readily be produced in the picture condition, but would be less likely to occur in the word condition. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the performance of three groups. One group saw the pictures used in the Erdelyi and Becker (1974) study. The other two groups saw the verbal equivalents of the pictures. In one word condition, subjects were instructed to make images to each word as it was presented (WIM, or "words with imagery instructions"). The other word condition did not receive such instructions (WNO, or "words with no imagery instructions"). As expected, the picture condition and the WIM condition both had increased recall over trials, while the hypermnesia effect did not occur in the WNO condition.The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that imagery encoding increases the likelihood of hypermnesia. In this experiment, all subjects were instructed to make images to the words. The imagery ratings of the word lists, however, were varied. Hypermnesia was expected in the high-imagery condition but not in the low-imagery group. This research was submitted as an honors thesis for the BA degree at Bowdoin College by the first author and was supported, in part, by a Langbein Fellowship to the first author. Samuel J. Popkin is now at the Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007. METHOD MaterialsThe Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms were used to select the two 40-word lists. The words in the high-imagery list (Hi I) had ratings of 5 to 7; those in the low-imagery list (Lo I) were rated 1 to 3. The frequency and meaningfulness of the words in each list were equated by selection of words with Thorndike-Lorge counts between 40 and AA and meaningfulness ratings between 4 and 6. Two random orders of the two lists were constructed. SubjectsThe subjects were 40 undergraduates who were naive to verbal learning experiments. Twenty subjects were assigned to the Hi I list,...

Four elements of a successful program of cognitive skill training for the elderly include: (a) the use of mnemonic aids for the memorization of new information; (b) the development of motivational techniques to enhance attention to materials and maintenance of cognitive skills acquired through training; (c) the design of techniques which utilize individual differences in abilities, personality, and cognitive style to enhance individual programs of cognitive skill training; and (d) the use of appropriate medical and/or psychiatric care when necessary.