This study examined the scoring systems of Goodenough and Harris (1963), Naglieri (1988), and Ayres and Reid (I1966) for using human figure drawings to assess the intellectual abilities of children. Drawing scores of 100 children, aged 6 to 15, were compared to their performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), while the drawing scores of a separate group of 100 children, aged 6 to 15, were compared to their performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-I1I). All three drawing systems correlated significantly and at similar levels with the WISC-R as well as the WISC-III, suggesting that the far shorter and more recent Naglieri technique may save clinicians time and effort. None of the drawing systems had a pattern of significantly different validity coefficients for children of varying ages or intelligence scores.

A growing body of psychoanalytic research has supported an understanding of the father as an important and unique contributor to child development. Though Freud's (1900/ 196 Ic,1913 original understanding of fathering emphasized the punitive and inhibiting aspects of paternal influence, later theorists considered the more positive aspects of paternal involvement, such as the father's role in facilitating separationindividuation (M. Mahler, F. Pine, and A. Bergman, 1975).More recently, P. Bios (1984) has proposed that the male adolescent's capacity to enter into mature relationships in adulthood rests on successful resolution of the pre-Oedipal father-child relationship, whereas Kohut's (1977Kohut's ( , 1984 work suggests that lifelong father hunger is best understood not as a pathological derivative of repression but rather as a universal part of normal development.Termed the forgotten parent of psychoanalytic theory (Ross, 1979), the father, until late, has received little attention from psychoanalytic theorists.A growing body of evidence, however, has supported an understanding of the father as occupying an important and unique role in child development.

In this investigation, we assessed the reliability and validity of 5 Rorschach aggression variables (AG, A1, A2, AgC, and AgPast) in a sample of adjudicated, mostly conduct-disordered adolescents (N = 150). More specifically, we assessed the interrelationships of Rorschach aggression variables using correlational analyses and factor analysis and assessed the relationships between Rorschach variables and a measure of aggressive potential (the Manifest Aggression scale from the Jesness Inventory; Jesness, 1996) as well as a measure of real-world aggression/violence (the Violence Rating Scale-Revised [VRS-R]; Young, Justice, & Erdberg, 1997). Two of Gacono and Meloy's (1994) Rorschach aggression variables were dropped from the study (AgPot and SM) due to a low frequency of occurrence. All 5 of the remaining Rorschach aggression variables and the VRS-R were rated reliably, and factor analysis of the Rorschach variables revealed 2 distinct factors accounting for 71% of the total variance. Only the AgC variable concurrently predicted aggressive potential and aggressive/violent behavior. Results lend further support for the inclusion of AgC in the Comprehensive System's (Exner, 1993) list of Special Scores.

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