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This study examined the scoring systems of Goodenough and Harris (1963), Naglieri (1988), and Ayres and Reid (I1966) for using human figure drawings to assess the intellectual abilities of children. Drawing scores of 100 children, aged 6 to 15, were compared to their performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), while the drawing scores of a separate group of 100 children, aged 6 to 15, were compared to their performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-I1I). All three drawing systems correlated significantly and at similar levels with the WISC-R as well as the WISC-III, suggesting that the far shorter and more recent Naglieri technique may save clinicians time and effort. None of the drawing systems had a pattern of significantly different validity coefficients for children of varying ages or intelligence scores.

This study evaluated the scoring systems of Goodenough and Harris (1963) and Koppitz (1968) for using human figure drawings to assess the intellectual abilities of children. Drawing scores of 125 children, aged 5 to 15, were compared to their performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), while the drawing scores of a separate group of 74 children, aged 5 to 12, were compared to their performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Form L-M. While both drawing systems correlated significantly with the WISC-R as well as the Stanford-Binet, the longer and more detailed Goodenough-Harris had a significantly higher correlation with Performance IQ on the WISC-R than did the Koppitz. Neither drawing system had a pattern of significantly different validity coefficients for children of varying ages or IQ levels.

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Abraham Maslow proposed what has become an almost definitive model of self-actualization with his theory of a hierarchy of needs. It is based heavily on Western and individualistic ideals of personal growth that de-emphasize the importance of relatedness in selfactualization. Critiques of this Western notion of relatedness have come from feminist thinkers, existential philosophers, environmentalists, and more. In light of these critiques it seems prudent to rethink Maslow's hierarchy and his implicit assumptions about the health of autonomous living. Maslow is not dismissive of relatedness. His emphasis on relationships as vehicles for personal growth, however, is limited mostly to his discussion of peak experiences and those already highly self-actualized. The authors suggest here a modification to Maslow's hierarchy that more fully considers positive views of relatedness. This new interpersonal model of self-actualization emphasizes the importance of relatedness as the substance of individual growth at all levels of psychological development. Implications of this theory for parenting, family life, community living, and creative expression are also discussed.