The advent of science to the search for antibiotics principally depends on medicinal plants as raw materials. This present study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of Carica papaya leaf extracts against bacterial and fungal agents that causes diarrhoea. Fresh tender roots and leaves of this plant was collected, air-dried, powdered and percolated in n-hexane, methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activities of the extract against test organisms were tested by using agar well diffusion assay and the MIC, MBC and MFC values were determined by agar dilution assay. The results revealed that the crude methanol and aqueous extracts of Carica papaya had no anti-fungal activity, but have antibacterial activity. N.hexane extract of C. papaya had most activity than other solvents with MIC ranged from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml and MBC ranged from 50 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml.These results suggest that paw paw leaf extract is recommended as a diarrhoea disease remedy.

Antimicrobial effect of Irvingia gabonensis leaf extracts was tested against bacteria and fungal agents that causes diarrhoea (Salmonella typhi, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Candida albican). Fresh tender leaves of Irvingia gabonensis was collected, air-dried, grounded and soarked in n-hexane, methanol and aqueous solvents. The Antimicrobial activities were determined using agar well diffusion assay, then the MIC, MBC and MFC were determined by agar dilution assay. The results revealed that the crude methanol and n-hexane extracts of Irvingia gabonensis produced the highest antifungal effects against Candida albicans with the MIC of 25 mg/ml and MFC of 50 mg/ml. The crude aqueous extract of I.gabonensis had no antifungal activity on Candida albicans. The crude methanol extracts of Irvingia gabonensis produced the highest antibacterial effects with MIC ranged of 6.25 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml and MBC of 12.5 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. These results suggest that Irvingia gabonensis leaf extract is recommended as a diarrhoea disease remedy.

The environmental risks connected to the operations of Ife Iron and Steel Nigeria Limited, Ile-Ife, located in Osun State, are examined in this paper. According to reports, the soot and other particles the company's operations release are bad for the locals' health and threaten their sources of income. In order to calculate the absorbed dose, external hazard index, and annual effective dose for the estimation of the potential biological risk/damage to the community, the radionuclides present in soil taken from the area around the industry have been identified and their activity concentrations measured. Gamma ray spectrometry with a NaI detector was used to identify the radionuclides and determine the activity content in soil samples taken from the Fashina community. The absorbed dose rates due to the terrestrial gamma rays at 1.0m above the ground in the study area are in the range of 28.85 nGy/h to 37.05 nGy/h with an average of 33.30 nGy/h which is lower than the world average value of 59 nGy/h. The external hazard index ranges from 0.167 to 0.220 with an average of 0.194 which is less than 1.0. The outdoor annual effective doses are in the range of 0.035 mSv/y to 0.045 mSv/y with an average value of 0.041 mSv/y which is lower compared with the world average value of 0.07 mSv/y. The results show that the annual effective dose from natural radioactivity around the industry has an average value lower than the natural world recommended value.