Mosquito-borne diseases are of major public health concern in the northeastern state of Assam, India. The most common among them include Malaria, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), and Lymphatic filariasis (LF), while Malaria and JE being predominant and spread across the state. Although malaria outbreaks are common in Assam, their incidence has gradually declined in the past few years. Formerly JE was endemic in upper Assam, but it has become common in almost all the districts of the state. Dengue is prevalent in urban and semi-urban areas, and most of the cases have been reported from Guwahati, the largest metropolitan city of Assam. Distribution of Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is confined to a few districts and is common among the tea-garden workers. Poor socioeconomic status and inability to access proper healthcare services are conducive to the disease occurrence and spread. Application of strong disease surveillance and integrated vector management on a sustained basis based on sound epidemiological data is imperative. This review aims to overview the most common mosquito-borne diseases in Assam and their control measures.

Climate change is considered as one of the greatest threats to human health by the World Health Organization. Climate change occurs as a result of both natural and human causes which directly impacts human health through extreme climatic conditions, air quality, sea level rise etc. There is an increasing evidence about the impact of climate change on Vectorborne Diseases (VBDs). Vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases. Environmental change disturbs the ecological balance thus changing the context within which disease hosts or vectors and parasites breed, develop and transmit disease resulting in the emergence and re-emergence of different VBDs. India is endemic for six major vector-borne diseases namely Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Visceral Leishmaniasis, Japanese Encephalitis and Lymphatic Filariasis. If we fail to reduce the adverse effects and adapt to climatic change then future changes are likely the same. Therefore, a better understanding of climate change and its effects on public health is necessary. Emphasis should be laid on new strategies for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. We collected secondary data from published articles, journals and reports on this issue to discuss the impacts of climate change on VBDs. This review aims to discuss the distribution, reasons of emergence and reemergence of important VBDs and its association with climate change highlighting the changing epidemiology of the most important VBDs in India.The objective of this review is to summarize the studies conducted to examine the association between climate change and VBDs and to give suggestions for future research directions.

Small mammalian carnivores are playing various important roles in ecosystems by influencing the structure of ecosystem and also providing various ecosystem services. In the present study, the major categories of threats faced by small carnivores were reviewed. This study revealed that biological resource use and land use change are the leading threats for small carnivores. These species need great concern globally, particularly in Southeast Asia and Madagascar. This review has encouraged research and constant monitoring of current status which will be helpful in conservation of small carnivores in future.