Eating raw or insufficiently cooked mollusks is a known risk factor for human echinostomiasis. We confirmed identification of Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex trematodes as the causative agent of disease among 170 children in northern Bihar, India. We also identified the snail Pila globosa as a potential source of infections in the study area.

Fish constitutes an essential component of the diet for most of the people of northeastern India. It provides nutrition and employment opportunities for most of the population of the region. Still, fish diseases due to helminth parasites pose a severe threat to fish health and the fishery industry. Helminths are worm-like parasites affecting the fishes and thus reduce their food value. Fishes are mostly infected with four groups of helminths, viz., Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala. The article reviews the investigation and research on the trend of helminth parasites in the freshwater fishes of northeastern India through the study of available literature. For the present study, secondary data was collected from published research articles, journals, reports, and books on this major issue and compiled together. Google Scholar is the leading search engine used to search for scholarly literature in this area broadly. The study revealed that helminth parasites are extensively distributed in the freshwater fishes of different regions of northeastern India and are primarily found in the intestine of the fishes. Females are found to be highly infested than males. Also, the seasonal influence was observed on the occurrence of parasites. Several workers have conducted considerable works in Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura. But to date, there is no published record on the occurrence of helminth parasites in the fishes of Sikkim and Nagaland. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct further research on the current topic that could help the scientific community and pisciculturists understand the biodiversity of parasites in different host fishes for proper aquaculture management.

Mosquito-borne diseases are of major public health concern in the northeastern state of Assam, India. The most common among them include Malaria, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), and Lymphatic filariasis (LF), while Malaria and JE being predominant and spread across the state. Although malaria outbreaks are common in Assam, their incidence has gradually declined in the past few years. Formerly JE was endemic in upper Assam, but it has become common in almost all the districts of the state. Dengue is prevalent in urban and semi-urban areas, and most of the cases have been reported from Guwahati, the largest metropolitan city of Assam. Distribution of Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is confined to a few districts and is common among the tea-garden workers. Poor socioeconomic status and inability to access proper healthcare services are conducive to the disease occurrence and spread. Application of strong disease surveillance and integrated vector management on a sustained basis based on sound epidemiological data is imperative. This review aims to overview the most common mosquito-borne diseases in Assam and their control measures.

Climate change is considered as one of the greatest threats to human health by the World Health Organization. Climate change occurs as a result of both natural and human causes which directly impacts human health through extreme climatic conditions, air quality, sea level rise etc. There is an increasing evidence about the impact of climate change on Vectorborne Diseases (VBDs). Vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases. Environmental change disturbs the ecological balance thus changing the context within which disease hosts or vectors and parasites breed, develop and transmit disease resulting in the emergence and re-emergence of different VBDs. India is endemic for six major vector-borne diseases namely Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Visceral Leishmaniasis, Japanese Encephalitis and Lymphatic Filariasis. If we fail to reduce the adverse effects and adapt to climatic change then future changes are likely the same. Therefore, a better understanding of climate change and its effects on public health is necessary. Emphasis should be laid on new strategies for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. We collected secondary data from published articles, journals and reports on this issue to discuss the impacts of climate change on VBDs. This review aims to discuss the distribution, reasons of emergence and reemergence of important VBDs and its association with climate change highlighting the changing epidemiology of the most important VBDs in India.The objective of this review is to summarize the studies conducted to examine the association between climate change and VBDs and to give suggestions for future research directions.