Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for a plethora of infections involving multiple body systems. This study investigated K. pneumoniae clinical isolates for virulence-associated characters and antibiotic resistance. First, antibiotic sensitivity was determined for 40 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Some virulence and resistanceassociated factors were studied phenotypically and genotypically. Multiple resistance profiles were observed (multidrug resistant [MDR; 42.5%], extensive drug resistant [XDR; 35%], and pandrug resistant [PDR; 5%]). Moreover, CTX-M-1, TEM, qnrS, and qnrA genes were detected in 70%, 30%, 60%, and 30% of selected isolates, respectively, and 40% of tested isolates were extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) producers. Interestingly, all ESBLs producers harbored class 1 integrase gene (IntI1), while 60% of ESBLs producers harbored both CTX-M-1 and TEM. All tested isolates were capsulated while 87.5% were biofilm producers. Fimbriae were detected in 90% of tested isolates (all were biofilm producers and type 3 fimbriae adhesion gene [mrkD] positive). Sequence analysis of OXA-48, qnrS, and IntI1 revealed 100% identity with published sequences, while sequencing of qnrA, OmpK-35, and iron regulatory protein gene (irp2) showed minor variations in the form of one or few single-nucleotide polymorphism. Altogether, the current study revealed that all MDR, XDR, and PDR K. pneumoniae isolates were multivirulent and all harbored 3-5 virulence genes and 2-9 antimicrobial resistance genes and exhibited 8 and 10 different virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles, respectively. In this study, we also report a positive correlation between some virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes among K. pneumoniae tested isolates.

Lepidium virginicum (Peppergrass oil), Zingiber officinale (Ginger) and Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor) have been investigated for their antifungal and antibacterial activities against 6 fungal isolates of Aspergillus flavus and 25 bacterial isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The sensitivity was determined using agar well diffusion method and the inhibition zones were compared with the standard drug itraconazole for fungi and Amikacine for tested bacteria. The tested essential oil showed a wide spectrum of inhibition against the tested isolates. Treating the Klebsiella pneumoniae, with cinnamon essential oil led to an external changes, irregular cell shape and disintegration of bacterial cell wall under transmission electron microscope. GC-MS technique was used for cinnamon essential oil; the composition of cinnamon oil was dominated by cinnamaldehyde. The in vivo efficacy of cinnamon essential oil in treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice lungs was proven.

A LLERGIC bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and invasive aspergillosis are often found in severely immuno-suppressed patients and are characterized by invasion of conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus into blood vessels which can result in dissemination to other organs. Aspergilloma is a fungal ball that develops in previous cavity lung lesions. Essential oils have been used as antifungal agents. Inhalation of vapors of the essential oils kill invaders attached to the inner respiratory lining and work synergistically with the body defenses. In this study, (Ginger) and Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor) with inhibition zones ranging from 11to 31mm. Treatment of A. fumigatus with cinnamon essential oil leads to external changes, irregular cell shape and disintegration of fungus cell wall as detected under transmission electron microscope and then make analysis by GC-MS.