The effects of imposed strains on the polymeric surfaces during scratching on the material deformation below the visible surface have not been reported in the literature. The major concern for the polymeric surfaces is the problems related to the effective sectioning for imaging/scanning unlike metal and ceramics. This article describes an experimental qualitative methodology, based on nanoindentation data, to analyze subsurface deformations of polymers resulting from scratch deformations. Poly (styrene), a brittle polymer, poly(methylmethacrylate), a ductile polymer, and poly(etheretherketone), a semicrystalline polymer, were selected for the present study. Nanoindentation responses of the scratched poly (styrene), the scratched poly(methylmethacrylate), and the scratched poly(etheretherketone) surfaces were analyzed with emphasis on the detection of subsurface crazing damage. The polymers were scratched using a 90 0 conical indenter on a pendulum sclerometer. The scratched polymeric surfaces were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The polymeric surfaces were observed to be deformed by a well-known ductile ploughing mechanism. The deformed polymeric surfaces were indented using an MTS Nanoindenter. The data show that the hard asperity scratching initiates subsurface damage, which may tentatively lead to the development of subsurface voidage or crazing in certain areas of the deformed polymers, particularly within the base of the scratch groove. Major conclusions of the work are that the nanoindentation of damaged polymeric surfaces provides a qualitative methodology to estimate the subsurface damage and craze formation. This methodology is important in the context of polymers where conventional effective sectioning of the damaged surface to analyze the subsurface deformations might not be possible.

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The ACL joins the thighbone's (femur) bottom to the shinbone's top (tibia). The ACL aids in the stability of the knee. If the anterior cruciate ligament is stretched too far, it might rip. The tear could be partial (through a section of the ACL) or full (through the entire ACL) (all the way through the ACL).Objective: To determine the grading and evaluation of ACL Injuries on Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Material and Methods: A Descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in 9 Months from January 2021 to September 2021. The data of 103 Patients was collected through convenient sampling in Radiology Department including Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in all the population diagnosed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Physical complaints, Patient History and Demographic data were displayed on patient’s reports and used for data analysis. MRI scans was performed on 1.5 T- Scanner (Phillips) and data was collected, recorded and analyzed on SPSS as frequency tables and Pie Charts. Results:A total of 103 Patients were included following Grade 1, Grade 2 & Grade 3 Injuries. The data was collected and distributed into Three Age groups commonly 26-35 have 49 (47.6%) and the occurrence of ACL Injuries in specific gender as 74 females and 29 males. Grade 1 contains 49 (47.6%). The Grade 2 Injuries on ACL evaluated the frequency 35 (34%) Partial Tear which is due to a stretch but did not tear and making ligament loosen it. Grade 3 has the most Severe ACL Injuries with Complete Ligament Tear diagnosed on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and shows the frequency of 19 (18.4). Female Patients associated with Athletics and Sports activities were more common. Conclusion:In conclusion the ACL Injuries are common in Female because of Sports and Athletic Injuriesbecause of the smaller intercondylar notch. Women are three times more likely than males to sustain ACL injuries. MRI is the gold standard for diagnosing ACL injuries, and it has demonstrated to be quite accurate

Multiparity is a matter of great concern regarding the health of women as well as child. At the same time it has different determinants and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective: To determine the determinants of lack of family planning in grand multiparous women. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 271 GMP patients from DHQ Hospital Okara city. Mean age was 35 ± 10 years. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire and evaluated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and frequency and percentages for qualitative data. To measure the determinants of lack of family planning, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: Most of women belong to rural area 172 (63.47%) and are Muslims 259 (95.5%). Most of the families lie under upper lower 149 (54.8%) and lower middle group of income 71 (26.1%). The reason of last pregnancy was desire for baby boy 66 (24.4%), then husband’s wish 45 (16.6%) and so on. There is a good association of socioeconomic status and residence of head of family as p < 0.05, (Results are 325.272a, df = 10, p=0 .000). There is an association of Gravida and socioeconomic status of head of family as p<0.05. (27.294, df= 20, p=.05). There is a good association between reasons of last pregnancy and gravida as p<0.05, (41.920, df = 24, p=0 .001). Conclusions: The grand multiparty is still very common in Okara Pakistan district, considering the easy availability of modern contraceptive methods but very few women are aware of it. The most popular explanation given for present pregnancy by grand multiparous women was an urge for baby boy followed by husband wish. Most of women are Muslims. Rural Women are more socio-economically down and they have grander multiparty