Gallstone disease is a gastrointestinal disease that results from the dysfunction of cholesterol, bile, and bilirubin metabolism. Gallstones in the gallbladder are common and form through cholelithiasis. They can also grow in biliary ducts through choledocholithiasis. In industrial countries, gallstone disease has increased in prevalence and affects up to 20% of the adult population. Its major risk factors are female gender, age, obesity, type 2 diabetes, rapid weight loss, physical inactivity, and genetic traits. Various systems for gallstone classification are available. Gallstones are classified as cholesterol, pigmented, and mixed gallstones in accordance with their chemical composition. Gallstone disease is either asymptomatic or has symptoms that manifest as pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice. The pathogenesis of this disease is related to the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, which include hepatic cholesterol hypersecretion, bile supersaturation, mucin, inflammatory changes, intestinal hypomotility, intestinal cholesterol hyperabsorption, and gut microbe alterations. The major genetic factors of this disease are the mutations in the hepatic cholesterol transporter ABCC8 and the cholecystokinin a receptor gene. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of developing gallstone disease. The standard diagnostic method for gallstone disease is ultrasound imaging. Medical treatment involves the administration of bile acid drugs and/or cholecystectomy.

The activity of water and ethanol extracts of Ruta graveolens and Cuminum and the essentioal oils of the groups A and H were evaluated on the termites workers of Microcerotermis gabriles in the laboratory with different concentrations. Result showed that ethanol extracts of R.graveolens , C. cyminum were the most effective in mortality significant differences from other extracts in filter paper treatment which cause 71.6%, 73% respectively in concentration 10% in 24 hour and increase to 100% after 72 hour of treatment Direct method contact showed that powder of C. cyminum was the most effective in mortality with rates 66.6 % for period 10 minutes and increase to 100% after 72 hour of the same period. All tested plants extracts was repellent to termites and the essential oil of C. cyminum was the effective once.

Introduction.Interleukins have promising prospects in the clinical treatment of cancer. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with an immunosuppressive effect on antitumor activity by immune cells, but the mechanical action of IL-4 in thyroid cancer is unknown. Aim: to investigate the effect of IL-4 expression in thyroid cancer patients. Furthermore, to clarify the association between obesity and thyroid cancer. Material and methods. The present study was conducted on 115 subjects with thyroid nodules (36 with thyroid cancer and 79 with benign lesions) in Basrah, Iraq, from November 2019 to April 2022. To conduct a histophysiology study of IL-4. Results. There was a significant difference in serum IL-4 between the thyroid cancer and control subjects. A higher level of serum IL-4 was observed in the Hashimoto thyroiditis group. There was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) between thyroid cancer and control subjects. The expression of tissue IL-4 in thyroid cancer patients was strong in 8 (22.22%) slides, moderate in 7 slides (19.44%), weak in 8 slides (22.22%), and negative in 13 slides (36.11%), while in the control group, it was strong in 7 (30.44%) slides, moderate in 8 slides (34.79%), weak in 5 slides (21.74%) and negative in 3 slides (13.03%). Conclusions. These findings indicate that serum levels of IL-4 may help diagnose thyroid cancer and identify patients with active disease who deserve closer medical attention. Furthermore, the secretion of IL-4 was systematic and not localized in thyroid cancer tissues. Obesity was not associated with a prevalence of thyroid cancer.

The renal bone disease is one of the metabolic disorder in renal failure patients that causes morbidity. The aim was to study the biomarkers and the incidence of renal osteodystrophy (bone turnover diseases) in hemodialysis patients. Method: 50 females’ patients from Al Basra-Teaching hospital/ Iraq who maintenance on hemodialysis (at least 1 year) and healthy females (n=30) as comparing group were included. Serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin and some bone parameters were tested. Results: a significant decreasing in serum vitamin D in females patients under dialysis (12.770 ng/ml) comparing to control group (20.8167 ng/ml). Osteocalcin level was increased in patients (54.3114 ng/ml) compared to healthy group. In general the PTH level was elevated significantly in dialysis patients (262.211pg/ml), also elevation in ALP level (221.084IU/L) was found. The patients according to PTH level showed a renal bone disease. About 30 females’ patients (60%) revealed a high bone turnover followed by 20 patients (40%) with low bone turnover disease. Conclusion: deficiency in vitamin D with incidence of renal osteodystrophy in females’ hemodialysis patients.

Central obesity is abdominal fat that accumulates and affects the health status. The present study aimsto estimate some blood biomarkers among normal-weight females with central obesity and determinethe prevalence of central obesity. The method: healthy females with normal body weight and age groupof (33-44 y) have participated and their body anthropometric parameters were determined. The Navyformula detected the body composition. Serum glucose, lipid profile, insulin, and cortisol hormonewere tested. The results: a high prevalence has been found of the central obesity among females withnormal weight (71.098%). Central obesity is characterized by increasing WC, WHR, and WHtR withhigh-fat percentage and fat mass (40.55%, 25.6 kg) than females without central obesity (31.5%, 19.4kg, respectively). The central obesity females showed significant elevation in serum glucose 8.937mmol/L, insulin 177.884 pmol/L, and HOMI 10.216 with dyslipidemia than the ones with the noncentralobesity. A high significant cortisol level (29.126 μg/dl) was observed in the normal weightcentral obesity group. Conclusions: the incidence of central obesity among normal-weight females hasbeen associated with changes in some blood profiles, which may contribute to increasing adiposityrelatedrisk factors and health outcomes and the effect on body shape.