DRSP acts on endothelial cells via a combined action through the P and MRs. These results help to interpret the anti-hypertensive effects of hormonal therapies containing DRSP.

During the ongoing virus-host arms race, viruses have evolved numerous immune subversion strategies aimed at the production of type I interferons (IFNs). This focus on IFN evasion highlights the essentiality of these cytokines in controlling viral infections. Apoptotic caspases have recently emerged as important regulators of type I IFN signaling in both non-infectious contexts and during viral infection. Surprisingly, they promote viral immune evasion despite being widely considered antiviral from triggering cell death. Indeed, we previously discovered that the AIDS-associated oncogenic gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exploits caspase-8 activity to suppress the antiviral type I IFN response and promote viral replication. However, the mechanisms of this novel viral immune evasion strategy are poorly understood, particularly how caspase-8 antagonizes IFN signaling. Here we show that caspase activity inhibits the DNA sensor cGAS during KSHV lytic replication to block IFN induction. Furthermore, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing to reveal that the potent antiviral state conferred upon caspase inhibition is mediated by an exceptionally small percentage of infected cells expressing IFN-β, thus uncovering further complexity of IFN regulation during viral infection. Collectively, these results provide insight into multiple levels of type I IFN regulation by the cell and the way in which viruses co-opt them for immune evasion. Unraveling these mechanisms can inform targeted therapeutic strategies for viral infections and reveal cellular mechanisms of regulating interferon signaling in the context of cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Introduction: Granular cell tumor is a rare neoplasm of soft tissue and only in 1% of cases, it can shows a malignant behaviour. It is presumed to be a tumor originating from perineural or putative Schwann cells of peripheral nerves. Materials and Methods: We reviewed five patients affected by Granular cell tumor of the breast treated between January 2011 and January 2021 at the Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS of Rome, Italy. Results: All of the granular cell tumors presented as solitary, painless and firm lump, highly suggestive of malignancy. The radiological findings were heterogeneous and non-specific. All lesions presented as masses, more clearly evident on ultrasound as hypoechoic lesions, with irregular shape, blurred contours and borderline features. The tumors were composed of large polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and small, central nuclei, being immunohistochemically positive for S100, Vimentin (with variable staining), CD56; negative for HMB45, MelanA, AE1/AE3, EMA, and Desmin. Conclusion: Granular cell tumor is a rare, usually benign breast disease that can have very similar characteristics to breast cancer both clinically and radiologically. Treatment of choice consists in wide resection or lumpectomy with margin assessment (no ink on tumor).