Targeted therapies are designed to interfere with specific aberrant biologic pathways involved in tumor development. The main classes of novel oncologic drugs include antiangiogenic drugs, antivascular agents, drugs interfering with EGFR-HER2 or KIT receptors, inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and hormonal therapies. Cancer cells usurp normal signal transduction pathways used by growth factors to stimulate proliferation and sustain viability. The interaction of growth factors with their receptors activates different intracellular pathways affecting key tumor biologic processes such as neoangiogenesis, tumor metabolism, and tumor proliferation. The response of tumors to anticancer therapy can be evaluated with anatomic response assessment, qualitative response assessment, and response assessment with functional and molecular imaging. Angiogenesis can be measured by means of perfusion imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging allows imaging evaluation of tumor cellularity. The main imaging techniques for studying tumor metabolism in vivo are positron emission tomography and MR spectroscopy. Familiarity with imaging findings secondary to tumor response to targeted therapies may help the radiologist better assist the clinician in accurate evaluation of tumor response to these anticancer treatments. Functional and molecular imaging techniques may provide valuable data and augment conventional assessment of tumor response to targeted therapies. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/rg.317115108/-/DC1.

Familiarity with the spectrum of imaging findings in AVFs is essential for the accurate interpretation of images and facilitates diagnosis and therapeutic management. Radiologists can play a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of AVFs. Digital angiography is helpful in elaborating a vascular map for endovascular treatment.

We report a case of a newborn infant whose mother had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosed before pregnancy.The child had clinical manifestations of neonatal lupus as well as chondrodysplasia punctata and other findings that resemble the congenital anomalies associated with the use of oral anticoagulants, with no history of exposure. We speculate that the combined action of the different maternal autoantibodies may produce the whole spectrum of manifestations.

Authors stated no fi nancial relationship to disclose. q RSNA, 2010 HistoryA 51-year-old man presented with abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea. He was suspected of having enteric infection, and he received oral antibiotics and rehydration therapy. Despite these regular measures, his clinical status did not improve.Fifteen days later, the patient was admitted because of persistent fever (38.9°C), vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. At physical examination, his abdomen was soft and tender. Laboratory studies revealed mild anemia, with a hemoglobin level of 12. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomographic (CT) scanning was performed.

Cutaneous angiosarcoma (CA) is an uncommon malignant mesenchymal neoplasm with aggressive behavior and a high mortality rate. A rare histological variant of CA is the epithelioid variant angiosarcoma (EA), which is associated with a worse clinical outcome. We report a 74-year-old female with an 8-month history of an ulcerated, poorly defined, painless tumoral mass on her scalp, face, and neck. Her past medical history included rheumatoid arthritis. A panel of immunohistochemical markers positive for vascular markers CD31 and CD34, confirmed the diagnosis. She had an overall 9-month survival since the diagnosis was made. Comorbid diseases and tumoral size make most of CA patients ineligible surgical candidates. Limited treatment options are available and due to its accelerated progression, achieving local control and prevention of metastasis in EA is challenging. We emphasize the need for early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach in order to improve survival in these patients.