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An analysis of intestine, liver, stomach and gill tissue concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Co, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd and Zn) in three commercially important fish species (Tilapia gallier, Crarias lazera and Osteoglossidae. caught within Alau Dam between the periods of January to August, 2007. These heavy metals were determined using Perkin-Elmer AAnalyst 300 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Heavy metals contents varied significantly (p>0.05) depending on the fish species and on the types of tissues. The concentration of heavy metals in livers and gills tissue were relatively higher than the intestine and stomach tissues of the three species. The distribution of copper and cobalt were in the order of gills>stomach>liver>intestine in the entire fish samples, while the distribution of (Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd and Zn) were in the order of liver>gills>stomach>intestine. The concentrations of the entire elements in the three species were within tolerance limits that are safe for human consumption, with exception of lead in gills.

Background: Sonography is a valuable tool in the assessment of porto-systemic pathologies. This study aimed at determining the mean portal vein diameter based on age, gender and anthropometric variables. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted among 201 apparently healthy adults in Bauchi Metropolis. Participants were recruited from the school of nursing AbubakarTafawa Balewa Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH), Bauchi. Ultrasound machine ALOKA SSD-1000, (IP-1233EV, SN-57324, Japan) with curvilinear transducer with frequency of 3-5MHz was used for a period of four months, (December 2015 to April 2016). Participants' heights were measured while standing against a meter rule with the head in Frankfurts' position and weight measured using a weighing scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation), and Pearson's Correlation were used. Results: The mean portal vein diameter was 9.60 ± 1.41mm for both sexes. The mean value for males was 9.71 ± 1.42mm, and 9.35±1.46mm among females. There was a positive correlation correlation between the PV diameter and Body Mass Index (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: This study found the mean values of PV diameter in apparently healthy adults in our environment to be 9.60 ± 1.41mm and that PV diameter positively correlates with anthropometric variables.

This study was designed to determine the effect of Aloe Vera extract and honey against ibuprofen induced liver damage in albino rats. A total of twenty five (25) adult male albino rats weighing 100-150g were divided into five groups (I, II, III, IV and V) of five rats each. Rats in group I served as control and were administered normal saline in a volume equivalent to the highest dosed group, rats in group II were administered 100mgkg -1 of ibuprofen, rats in group III were administered 100mgkg -1 of ibuprofen and 10 gkg -1 of Aloe Vera extract , rats in group IV were administered 100mgkg -1 of ibuprofen and 10 gkg -1 of honey while rats in group V were administered with 100mgkg -1 of ibuprofen , 10 gkg -1 of Aloe Vera extract and 10 gkg -1 of honey orally. The result showed a slight increase in liver weight, a significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of Aspartate minotransferases (ASAT) , Alanine aminotransferases (ALAT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the ibuprofen treated rats when compared to the control rats. Administration of Aloe vera extract and honey did not reverse the damage caused. Histological findings indicate severe dilation of blood vessel, necrosis of vascular connective tissues, wide spread vacuolar degeneration, edema and bile duct hyperplasia. The result indicates that Aloe vera extract and honey has little or no effect in preventing ibuprofen induced toxicity.