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This study aimed to identify the oral microbial signature of Kazakh female rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A total of 75 female patients who met the American College of Rheumatology 2010 classification criteria for RA and 114 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced to analyze the microbial composition. We identified significant differences in bacterial diversity and abundance between the RA and control groups, as measured by Shannon (p value = 0.0205) and Simpson (p value = 0.00152) indices. The oral samples from RA patients had higher bacterial diversity than those from non-RA volunteers. The RA samples had a higher relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and Leptotrichiaceae, but a lower content of butyrate and propionate-producing bacteria compared to the control group. The samples from patients in remission had a higher abundance of Treponema sp. and Absconditabacteriales (SR1), whereas those with low disease activity had higher levels of Porphyromonas and those with high RA activity had higher levels of Staphylococcus. A positive correlation was found between the taxa Prevotella_9 and serum levels of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF). The predicted functional pattern of the ACPA+/RF− and ACPA+/RF+ seropositive groups was characterized by increased ascorbate metabolism, degradation of glycosaminoglycans, and reduced biodegradation of xenobiotics. These findings suggest that the functional pattern of the microflora should be considered when selecting a therapeutic strategy for RA in order to provide a personalized approach.

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that forms ulcerations in the mucous membrane of the colon and rectum, in which gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Agents modulating microbial dysbiosis caused by colitis can help in the remission of this disease. The current study describes the potential therapeutic effects of active metabolites from Lactobacillus rhamnosus and mare’s milk which have potential therapeutic values on the intestinal microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines. The analysis of the V1-V3 16S rDNA site revealed significant changes in the intestinal microbiome composition before and after treatment in the treated group compared to the positive control group that was treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). So the effect of the study product on dextran sulfate sodium-induced dysbiosis was shown to be more potent than the positive control, 5-ASA. The level of proinflammatory cytokines also decreased under the influence of a biological product.

This article presents novel ideas about classification, genomic structure (inverted regions, mobile genetic elements, plasmids, mobilized and conjugated transposons), pathogenicity factors (adhesins, various enzymes, toxins, in particular, data on enterotoxin fragmentinis BFT - B. fragilis toxin), and the role of their metabolites in the manifestation of pathogenicity. Data on the global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the clinical B. fragilis strains are presented. Mechanisms of development of the drug resistance are considered and the role of cfiA, tet, nim genes in the development of antibiotic resistance is disclosed. Information on the use of the MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-activated laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) method for distinguishing B.fragilis strains into two groups based on the ability to carry carbapenem resistant gene (carrying and not carrying cfiA gene) are presented. Basics of modes of emergence of multi-resistance in clinical strains of B. fragilis are considered. In addition, prospects for genome-wide sequencing in predicting antimicrobial resistance are presented. Currently increasing attention of researchers is payed to increase in resistance of B. fragilis to widely used antimicrobials. This is indeed of a great importance when choosing adequate antimicrobial therapy.