Background: In rural areas, multipurpose health workers (MPHWs) play a key role in implementing control measures and behavior change communication at community level to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases. Objective: To assess the knowledge of MPHWs regarding mosquito-borne diseases and control measures before and after single educational interventional training. Materials and Methods: This interventional study was conducted among purposively selected 100 MPHWs of Patan district, Gujarat, India, from June to August 2014. After taking verbal consent, baseline knowledge of link workers regarding mosquito-borne diseases and mosquito control measures was assessed by predesigned, pretested, and semi-structured questionnaire. Single educational training for 45 min was given to the MPHWs and their postintervention knowledge for the same was assessed after the training. Assessment was done by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Result: Baseline knowledge of the MPHWs regarding mosquito-borne disease was 83%, which significantly increased after the training to 100%. Baseline knowledge of the health workers regarding breeding places of the mosquitoes was 89%, which significantly increased to 96% after the intervention. Baseline knowledge of the health workers regarding the indoor and outdoor measures for vector control was 4% and 39%, respectively, which significantly increased to 73% and 89%, respectively, after the intervention. Baseline knowledge of the health workers regarding the signs and symptoms of malaria, dengue, and chickungunya were 79%, 26%, and 22%, respectively, which significantly increased to 84%, 76%, and 90%, respectively, after the intervention. Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in the knowledge regarding mosquito-borne diseases and control measures of the MPHWs after our single education session. Such education interventions need to be done on a regular basis to improve their knowledge for a better control of mosquito-borne diseases.

The knowledge of arterial supply of the human kidney is of special interest as it is not only having many morphological variations buy also many vascular surgeries are carried out in case of renal artery. This study was based on examination of 15 human donated bodies in the medical colleges by dissection method. We found variations in the form of the number of renal artery supplying the kidney, its level of origin, relation with the renal vein, branching pattern,  presence of an accessory renal artery and its variations. Knowledge of these variations may help to avoid the clinical complications especially during radiological examinations and/or surgical approaches in this region.

Key words:  renal artery, renal vein, variations, accessory renal artery

Aim:The aim was to study the distribution of causes in nongravid women of reproductive age-group having abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) as per the new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) polyp; adenomyosis; leiomyoma; malignancy and hyperplasia; coagulopathy; ovulatory dysfunction; endometrial; iatrogenic; and not yet classified-(PALM-COEIN) classification system and to evaluate the practical applicability of this classification system in the clinical scenario. Materials and methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 women with AUB attending the outpatient department of gynecology, selected by the kth random sampling technique. The etiological diagnosis was made in the PALM-COEIN spectrum. The practical applicability of the AUB-FIGO classification system was assessed by the survey of clinicians with help of a scoring system. Results: The majority of the study subjects were from 40 to 55 years age group with the median age of the study subjects being 42 years. Fifty-two subjects had two attributable causes from PALM-COEIN for AUB. In our study, 45% of subjects had leiomyoma, which turned out to be the most common etiology for AUB, and hypothyroidism was the most common endocrinopathy associated with 10% of AUB cases. Hysteroscopy was required to diagnose one case of amenorrhea. The clinician survey emphasized the high practical applicability of PALM-COEIN classification. Conclusion:The data generated from the clinical settings with this classification could be more comparable due to homogeneity and consistency in nomenclature. Clinical significance: The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classification for AUB is a clinician-friendly modality providing an easy algorithm for accurate diagnosis and definitive treatment of AUB.

Background: There are seven cervical vertebras (C1-C7). The Foramen Transversarium present in Transverse Process is the identification feature of cervical vertebrae. Foramen Transversarium of C1 to C6 transmits the second part of vertebral artery, Sympathetic Nerve fibers & vertebral veins Materials and Methods: Study conducted on total 150 dried Human cervical vertebra, of unknown age & sex. We examine each vertebrae macroscopically for presence of Foramen Transversarium either unilateral or bilateral as well as it is incomplete or complete. Result: Out of 150 cervical vertebrae we found total 16(10.6%) vertebra had accessory Foramen Transversarium. among 16 vertebras there is unilateral Foramen Transversarium in 11(7.3%) & bilateral Foramen Transversarium in 5(3.3%). Conclusion: This type of presence of Accessory Foramen Transversarium may indicate the vertebral arteries have different course variation. This knowledge is useful for Neurosurgeon in cervical surgery, as well for radiologist during CT, MRI like imaging.