Background Post-malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS) is a rare self-limiting neurological complication that can occur after recovery from malaria, usually severe falciparum malaria. It is characterized by a myriad of neuropsychiatric manifestations including mild neurological deficit to severe encephalopathy. PMNS was first described in 1996 and since then there have been 48 cases reported in the English literature. We report another case of PMNS in a 24-year-old healthy male and present a review of the disease entity. Method We searched PMNS-related journal articles and case reports in the English literature, using PubMed and Google search engines. A total of forty-nine cases meeting the diagnostic criteria of PMNS were selected in this review. Conclusion PMNS is a rare complication of severe malaria that might be underreported. It can develop up to 2 months after clearance of parasitemia. Clinical features can be variable. Most cases are self-limited, but more severe cases may benefit from steroid therapy.

Filariasis is a tropical disease transmitted by the Culex mosquitoes. The diagnosis of it is conventionally made by demonstrating microfilariae in the peripheral blood smear. However; microfilariae and adult filarial worm have been incidentally detected in fine needle aspirates of various lesions in clinically unsuspected cases. The cases of filariasis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were retrieved from the archives of the Cytopathology laboratory between the periods of January 1998 to February 2009. Both Papanicolaou- and May-Grunwald-Giemsa-stained smears were available in all the cases. A total of 26 diagnosed cases of filariasis were found, of which 19 were related to funiculo-epididymitis, four presented with breast lump, and three cases with lymphadenopathy. Smears revealed fragments of adult worm in 12 cases including 10 gravid female worm containing eggs and microfilariae and two male adult worm; whereas in remaining 14 cases only microfilariae or eggs were seen. Unfertilized eggs were seen in three cases and fertilized eggs were seen in five cases. Tissue response in the form of eosinophils in 16 cases, acute inflammatory exudate in five cases, macrophages in 22 cases, epitheloid cell granulomas in five cases, giant cells in four cases, lymphocytes in 10 cases, and plasma cells in three cases were seen. Adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, eosinophils, and epithelioid cells were observed in four cases. On conclusion, filaria may affect the epididymis, spermatic cord, breast, and lymph node, and the accurate diagnosis can be easily and conveniently achieved by FNAC without any requirement of biopsy.

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Background Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. There are various causes of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is one of the less recognized causes of anemia in chronic kidney disease patients.Objectives The main objective of the study is to find the correlation between intact parathyroid hormone and hematocrit level in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis.Method Verbal consent was taken from all the participants. Eighty participants between the age of 29 and 70 years with chronic kidney disease having indication of hemodialysis were included in this study. Hematocrit was measured by bioelectrical impedance method and serum intact parathyroid hormone was by using Chemi Luminescence Immuno Assay (CLIA) method.Result A weak reverse correlation was found between serum intact parathyroid level and hematocrit (r= -0.33).Conclusion In chronic kidney disease patient, there is reverse correlation between level of serum intact parathyroid and hematocrit level. This association may have clinical relevance in assessing the cause of unexplained low hemoglobin level in CKD patients.