Mobilization of unavailable phosphorus (P) to plant available P is a prerequisite to sustain crop productivity. Although most of the agricultural soils have sufficient amounts of phosphorus, low availability of native soil P remains a key limiting factor to increasing crop productivity. Solubilization and mineralization of applied and native P to plant available form is mediated through a number of biological and biochemical processes that are strongly influenced by soil carbon/organic matter, besides other biotic and abiotic factors. Soils rich in organic matter are expected to have higher P availability potentially due to higher biological activity. In conventional agricultural systems mineral fertilizers are used to supply P for plant growth, whereas organic systems largely rely on inputs of organic origin. The soils under organic management are supposed to be biologically more active and thus possess a higher capability to mobilize native or applied P. In this study we compared biological activity in soil of a long-term farming systems comparison field trial in vertisols under a subtropical (semi-arid) environment. Soil samples were collected from plots under 7 years of organic and conventional management at five different time points in soybean (Glycine max) -wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop sequence including the crop growth stages of reproductive significance. Upon analysis of various soil biological properties such as dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, microbial respiration, substrate induced respiration, soil microbial biomass carbon, organically managed soils were found to be biologically more active particularly at R2 stage in soybean and panicle initiation stage in wheat. We also determined the synergies between these biological parameters by using the methodology of principle component analysis. At all sampling points, P availability in organic and conventional systems was comparable. Our findings clearly indicate that owing to higher biological activity, organic systems possess equal capabilities of supplying P for crop growth as are conventional systems with inputs of mineral P fertilizers.

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The popularity of natural dyes is increasing day by day due to their properties such as soothing colors, non carcinogenic, non hazardous and safe for environment. Some natural dyes also have been reported antibacterial properties. In present research work owers of Butea monosperma and Tagetes erecta were used for dye extraction. Banana pseudostem sap and Punica granatum rind taken as biomordant. High performance thin layer chromatography was conducted for identi cation of components of Butea monosperma, Tagetes erecta, Banana (Musa sp.) pseudostem sap and Punica granatum rind. Dyeing of two types of cotton fabrics performed at pre-optimized conditions. The antibacterial activity of dyed fabrics was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Research nding supported the usage of Butea monosperma, Tagetes erecta, Banana (Musa sp.) pseudostem sap and Punica granatum rind in textile dyeing process. IntroductionNatural dyes are one of the most important natural products obtained from plants, animals, minerals, and micro-organisms. These dyes are used to color fabric, food, cosmetic products, and in decorative arts from the ancient period. After 1856 with the discovery of synthetic dyes, the popularity of natural dyes has diminished. Textile industries attracted to synthetic dyes which are cost-effective, fast in color and easy to apply on textiles. Wide application of synthetic dyes for long time resulted carcinogenic effects, mutagenic and non-biodegradable nature (Kiumarsi et al. 2017). Now a days awareness spreads for zero discharge emission, global warming, and ecosystem health for which green products are again in demand (Sagnella et al. 2014; Sangella et al. 2015). In this concern, people are also taking interest in hygiene and safe clothing. Cotton is one of the most common fabrics for apparels in all over the world.Cotton is produced naturally and a good substrate to grow on microorganism (Fu et al. 2011;Zhou and Kan 2015). As a hydrophilic nature, cotton easily provides suitable conditions, such as humidity, adequate temperature, and nutrition, for the growth of microorganisms, which generates an unpleasant odor, stains, and discoloration of the fabric. Therefore, it becomes necessary to apply an antibacterial nishing on cotton fabrics. The e ciency of any agent or substance which is used to mainly against bacteria for killing or inhibition is called antibacterial properties. Antibacterial nishes generally applied by using spun in additives, Padding, Spraying, Microencapsulation, Polymer modi cation etc. Many natural dyes have resistance towards bacterial colonies growth. Therefore, in this research work dyeing of cotton fabric is done with natural dyes and mordants to explore safe and hygienic clothing.Flowers of Butea monosperma and Marigold were taken as a dye source. However, Pomegranate rind and Banana pseudostem sap is taken as mordant. Most of the natural dyes have very low a nity towards fabric, so a mordant ( xing agent) required to x dyes on fabric. Chromium, copper, iron, tin and tannic acid etc. ...

The popularity of natural dyes is increasing day by day due to their properties such as soothing colors, non carcinogenic, non hazardous and safe for environment. Some natural dyes also have been reported antibacterial properties. In present research work flowers of Butea monosperma and Tagetes erecta were used for dye extraction. Banana pseudostem sap and Punica granatum rind taken as biomordant. High performance thin layer chromatography was conducted for identification of components of Butea monosperma, Tagetes erecta, Banana (Musa sp.) pseudostem sap and Punica granatum rind. Dyeing of two types of cotton fabrics performed at pre-optimized conditions. The antibacterial activity of dyed fabrics was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Research finding supported the usage of Butea monosperma, Tagetes erecta, Banana (Musa sp.) pseudostem sap and Punica granatum rind in textile dyeing process.