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Freedom of design that was introduced as organic photovoltaic (OPV) modules were fabricated by printing. As proof-of-concept, we show OPV leaf fabrication in A5 size using gravure and rotary screen printing processes for the main active layers of the OPV structure. These printing methods allow direct printing of any kind of arbitrary, two-dimensional shapes including patterning of the electric contacts thus post-patterning stages are not needed. Fabrication of custom-shaped OPV modules requires detailed information about the technical boundaries set by the manufacturing process and materials which in turn influence the layout design and R2R upscaling. In this paper, we show custom-shaped OPV modules, patterned directly in a shape of a tree leaf with an overall size of 110 cm2 and an active area of 50 cm2 providing a power conversion efficiency of 2.0% and maximum power of 98 mW.

This study addresses the issue of poor intercomparability of measurements of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices among different laboratories. We present a round robin performance testing of novel OPV devices among 16 laboratories, organized within the framework of European Research Infrastructure Project (SOPHIA) and European Energy Research Alliance (EERA). Three types of OPVs with different structures, dimensions and encapsulations are studied and compared with reference Si solar cells certified by accredited laboratories. The agreement of the measurements of these among different laboratories is analyzed by focusing on testing procedures, testing equipment and sample designs. A number of deviations and pitfalls are revealed and based on the analyses, a set of recommendations are suggested for improving the agreement among the measurements of such OPV technologies

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