Since its molecular isolation on January 7, 2020, the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has spread rapidly, affecting regions such as Latin America. Ecuador received the worst outbreak globally if we count excess mortality per capita. This study describes the clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic characteristics of 89 patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) in a second-level hospital in Quito, Ecuador. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study. We collected data from health records of adult patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to an ICU in Quito, Ecuador, during the first five months of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. We used the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact statistics to analyze risk and associations between survivors and non-survivors. We used ROC curve analysis to predict mortality and determine cut-off points for mechanical, analytical, and cytometric ventilation parameters. We used the Wald test to evaluate the categorical predictors of the model at the multivariate level during the regression analysis. Results: 89 patients were recruited. The mean age of the patients was 54.72 years. Men represented 68.54% (n=61) and women 31.46% (n=28). Significant differences in mortality were observed (men 40.98% vs. women 17.76%). LDH and IL-6 at 24 hours after hospital admission were higher among non-survivors than survivors. Persistent hypercapnia (PaCO2 >45 mmHg), a PaFiO2 ratio of less than 140 mmHg, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration >9 mmHg were also associated with increased mortality. Conclusions: Elevated levels of LDH at 24 hours, IL-6 at 24 hours, lymphocyte and platelet count at 48 hours, neutrophil count at 48 hours and NLR are factors associated with higher motility, higher risk of failed extubation and reintubation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19.
El glicocálix endotelial es una estructura sin forma definida que recubre la capa luminal del endotelio vascular y que está constituido, principalmente, por tres elementos: proteoglicanos, glucosaminoglicanos y glicoproteínas. Cumple distintas funciones, como regular la permeabilidad vascular a las moléculas y líquidos, la transducción de las fuerzas mecánicas de tensión y las cascadas de fibrinólisis y coagulación vascular; además, protege de la adhesión leucocitaria, plaquetaria y de patógenos. Los determinantes de lesión del glicocálix pueden ser de varios tipos, por ejemplo, incremento las fuerzas de tensión, especies reactivas de oxígeno (O 2), aumento, a nivel plasmático, de sustancias como el sodio (hipernatremia), glucosa (hiperglicemia) y colesterol (hipercolesterolemia), y las moléculas proinflamatorias. Cualquiera de las noxas citadas, individualmente o combinadas, lesionan el glicocálix y la disfunción resultante se expresará clínicamente como disfunción endotelial, aumento de la permeabilidad vascular, paso de lipoproteínas al subendotelio, activación de la coagulación o aumento de la adhesión de plaquetas y leucocitos al endotelio.
El coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) es el virus causante de la pandemia actual. En general, los pacientes infectados con SARS-CoV-2 desarrollan enfermedades respiratorias. Los síntomas iniciales son fiebre, tos y disnea que progresan con rapidez a una neumonía; además, se han reportado afectaciones extrapulmonares como las gastrointestinales. Está descrito que el receptor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ACE2) y la serina proteasa TMPRSS2 para cebado de la proteína S facilitan el ingreso del SARS-CoV-2 a las células. Estas proteínas se expresan en células alveolares tipo 2 y también en los enterocitos del íleon y colon, por lo que se ha detectado el virus en el tracto digestivo (1) . Presentamos el caso de un paciente con neumonía por COVID-19, que también presentó neumatosis intestinal y colitis isquémica, ambas manifestaciones gastrointestinales.
Background Obesity is a common chronic comorbidity of patients with COVID-19, that has been associated with disease severity and mortality. COVID-19 at high altitude seems to be associated with increased rate of ICU discharge and hospital survival than at sea-level, despite higher immune levels and inflammation. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the survival rate of critically ill obese patients with COVID-19 at altitude in comparison with overweight and normal patients. Secondary aims were to assess the predictive factors for mortality, characteristics of mechanical ventilation setting, extubation rates, and analytical parameters. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study in critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to a hospital in Quito-Ecuador (2,850 m) from Apr 1, 2020, to Nov 1, 2021. Patients were cathegorized as normal weight, overweight, and obese, according to body mass index [BMI]). Results In the final analysis 340 patients were included, of whom 154 (45%) were obese, of these 35 (22.7%) were hypertensive and 25 (16.2%) were diabetic. Mortality in obese patients (31%) was lower than in the normal weight (48%) and overweight (40%) groups, but not statistically significant (p = 0.076). At multivariable analysis, in the overall population, older age (> 50 years) was independent risk factor for mortality (B = 0.93, Wald = 14.94, OR = 2.54 95%CI = 1.58–4.07, p < 0.001). Ferritin and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were independent predictors of mortality in obese patients. Overweight and obese patients required more positive and-expiratory pressure compared to normal-weight patients. In obese patients, plateau pressure and mechanical power were significantly higher, whereas extubation failure was lower as compared to overweight and normal weight. Conclusions This preliminary study suggests that BMI was not associated with mortality in critically ill patients at high altitude. Age was associated with an increase in mortality independent of the BMI. Biomarkers such as ferritin and neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio were independent predictors of mortality in obese patients with COVID-19 at high altitude.
La producción científica es un indicador importante en el campo de la salud que debe ser evaluado, pero que no ha sido investigado en las escuelas de Nutrición. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y caracterizar la producción científica de los asesores de tesis de la escuela de Nutrición de una universidad privada en el Perú. La investigación fue descriptivoobservacional, transversal y bibliométrica. Se indagó sobre la producción científica de 18 profesionales que fueron asesores de 57 tesis aprobadas en la escuela de Nutrición de una universidad privada durante el periodo 2013 a 2019. Encontramos que 66,70 % de los asesores publicaron al menos un artículo; el 50, 00 % continuó esta actividad en los últimos cinco años; y el 38,90 %, en los últimos tres años. El 22,20 % de los artículos aparecieron en la base de datos Scopus; y el 11,10 %, en SciELO. La producción científica fue de 71 artículos (correspondientes a 12 asesores) con las siguientes características: fueron trabajos originales (85,90 %), se publicaron en revistas de acceso abierto (91,50 %), en español (78,90 %) y recibieron financiamiento (22,50 %). En conclusión, la producción científica de los asesores de tesis de la escuela de Nutrición de una universidad privada del Perú fue baja en los últimos años.
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