The kinetics of thermal degradation process on thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) adhesives with hydrophilic nanosilicas was studied using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis within the temperature range from 360 degrees C to 460 degrees C in nitrogen. The effect of nanosilicas with different hydrophilic degree in the thermoplastic polyurethanes was investigated. It was found that the thermoxidative degradation of polyurethane-silica nanocomposites takes place in one step. An analysis of the isothermal methods to evaluate kinetic parameters of decomposition of solids from isothermal thermogravimetric data is presented. Patents WO07146353A2 and US20070292623A1 have some relevant information about the topic develop in this study, because the principle in both cases relies on the interactions between reactive groups in the polymer (TPUs) and the silanol in the silica nano-particles.
The eruptive period between 1963-1965 at Irazú volcano showed that Costa Rica is highly vulnerable to ash fallout. Ash was carried by wind currents to-wards the Great Metropolitan Area (GMA), southwest to the summit, which contains about 60% of the national population. Previous work on hazard assessment for ash fall at Irazú only estimate influence areas without detailing hazard levels based on the observed distribution of events between 1963-1965. These cartographic models are not suited for realistic risk estimation, informed land use planning or proper emergency management. In this paper, we used the computer code NG-TEPHRA for simulating ash fallout from Irazú volcano, assessing the associated volcanic hazard and developing an improved hazard map from ash fall by devising a hazard index that combines the spatial probabilities of relevant scenarios with estimates of deposited ash volumes. Previous simulations result from our group were already calibrated against observed historical and field (geological) data from the 1963-1965 eruptive period and were used for obtaining the final hazard map. Our results represent a contribution for land use planning and emergency management purposes based on the application of computer models and interdisciplinary research towards numerically informed hazard models.
RESUMENDurante el periodo eruptivo entre 1963 y 1965, volcán Irazú mostró que Costa Rica es altamente vulnerable a la caída de ceniza. En esta ocasión la ceniza fue transportada por los vientos hacia la Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM), al suroeste del cráter, área que alberga al 60% de la población del país. Previos trabajos en la evaluación de la amenaza por caída de ceniza del Irazú solo estimaron el área de influencia basados en la distribución observada de los eventos entre 1963-1965 sin detallar la amenaza. Estos modelos cartográficos no son adecuados para una estimación realista del peligro, para el ordenamiento territorial o para la atención de emergencias. En este artículo, utilizamos el código de computadora NG-TEPHRA para simular la caída de ceniza del volcán Irazú, evaluando así el peligro volcánico asociado y desarrollando un mapa de amenaza mejorado de la caída de ceniza, mediante la elaboración de un índice de amenaza que combina las probabilidades espaciales de escenarios relevantes con estimaciones de volúmenes de ceniza depositados. Los resultados de simulaciones anteriores de nuestro grupo permitieron calibrar el modelo con los datos históricos y de campo observados (geológicos) del período eruptivo de 1963-1965 que se utilizaron para obtener el mapa de amenaza final. Nuestros resultados representan una contribución para el ordenamiento territorial y la atención de emergencias con base en la aplicación de modelos informáticos y la investigación interdisciplinaria hacia modelos de amenaza informados numéricamente.
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